California has experienced increasing frequency and intensity of wildfire, with the five largest fires on record since 2018. Over same period, licensed cannabis production grown to a high-grossing industry, while remaining an important source rural livelihood. Importantly, geography overlaps high fire hazard areas more than any other crop in state. We developed deployed state-wide survey outdoor producers determine direct indirect impacts as well how have responded these threats....

Abstract Cannabis is an emerging agricultural frontier, but due to its quasi-legal status environmental impacts are poorly understood. Where cannabis irrigated by groundwater, pumping can lead streamflow depletion in surrounding streams which may impair other water users or aquatic ecosystems. Here, we investigate the of groundwater for irrigation at scale watershed, individual well, and stream segment, contextualize comparing with residential use. Combining mapped cultivation structure...

Effectively characterizing primate diets is fundamental to understanding behavior, ecology and morphology. Examining temporal variation in a species' diet, as well comparing the responses of different species resource availability, can enhance evolution morphology socioecology. In this study, we use feeding data collected over five years describe two sympatric Southeast Asian similar body size: white-bearded gibbons (Hylobates albibarbis) red leaf monkeys (Presbytis rubicunda rubida), Gunung...

Abstract At the intersection of climate change and rural development, wildfire has emerged as a threat to agriculture in Western United States. This nexus is particularly problematic for rapidly developing cannabis industry California, which includes farms located outside traditional agricultural zones within landscapes potentially more prone wildfire. With goal determining whether uniquely vulnerable direct impacts (in terms crop loss burning), we integrated fire hazard severity zone (FHSZ)...

There is growing concern over the impacts of cannabis farms on environment and water resources in particular, yet data cultivation practices use patterns have been limited. Estimates for previously relied extrapolated values plant demand, which do not account differences practices, variation across season, or role storage altering seasonal extraction patterns. The current study uses reported by enrollees California's North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board Cannabis Program to model...

Water use by cannabis cultivators represents an emerging threat to surface flows in Northern California's sensitive watersheds. To date, however, no data has been available formally assess where sites source their water. This study analyzed from annual reports, covering the year 2017, submitted 901 enrolled Cannabis Waste Discharge Regulatory Program administered North Coast Regional Quality Control Board. The analysis identified cultivators' most common sources for water extraction, monthly...

Abstract California (USA) supports the largest legal cannabis market in world, yet faces increasing risk from wildfire. While anecdotal evidence of impacts to crops has been documented during recent extreme fire seasons, economic losses resulting smoke exposure and other indirect effects (e.g., ash fall, mandatory evacuations, power outages) are not well understood. We conducted an online survey licensed farms across state, reporting wildfire on 2018 through 2021. summarized regional...

Abstract Selective logging in tropical rain forests may promote population growth of invasive plants. The ability invaders to respond, specifically reproductive traits, increase resource abundance allow them their presence the seed recipient communities. pioneer tree Bellucia pentamera (Melastomataceae) is currently spreading within Gunung Palung National Park West Kalimantan, Indonesia. park has also experienced periods illegal, small‐scale, selective that seem have facilitated and spread...

Abstract Illicit water use for irrigated agriculture can have substantial impacts on the environment and complicates management decision-making. Water demand illicit cannabis farming in California has long been considered a threat to watershed health, yet an accounting of irrigation remained elusive, thereby impeding effective policy state’s nascent legal industry. Using data obtained from both permitted unpermitted cultivation operations, current study applies novel water-use models farms...

We presented adult cottontop tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) with a novel foraging task that had been used previously to examine socially biased learning of juvenile observers [Humle & Snowdon, Animal Behaviour 75:267-277, 2008]. The could be solved in one two ways, and thus allowed for an analysis behavioral matching between observer skilled demonstrator (trained use the methods exclusively). Because was both this study study, influence observer's age isolated examined, as well behavior...

Abstract Concerns have been raised over the impacts of cannabis farms on environment and water resources in particular, yet data cultivation practices use patterns limited. Estimates for previously relied extrapolated values plant demand, which are unable to account differences practices, variation across growing season, or role storage altering seasonal extraction patterns. The current study uses reported by enrollees California’s North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (Regional...

Abstract As permitted cannabis farming in California continues to expand statewide, including ecologically sensitive watersheds, an improved understanding of water-use practices is needed. Existing evidence suggests widespread reliance on groundwater wells for irrigation may result streamflow depletion, yet our where and why well use most prevalent currently limited. Here, we state permitting data address four important information gaps regarding by farming: (1) the prevalence as source...

At the intersection of climate change and rural development, wildfire has emerged as a threat to agriculture in western United States. This nexus is particularly problematic for rapidly developing cannabis industry California, which includes farms located outside traditional agricultural zones within landscapes potentially more prone wildfire. Using fire hazard severity metrics, current historical perimeter data, future burn regime projections, we compared location licensed California other...