A key question for understanding speech evolution is whether or not the vocalizations of our closest living relatives-nonhuman primates-represent precursors to speech. Some believe that primate are volitional but instead inextricably linked internal states like arousal and thus bear little resemblance human Others disagree since many primates can use their strategically, this demonstrates a degree voluntary vocal control. In current study, we present behavioral paradigm reliably elicits...

Across vertebrates, progressive changes in vocal behavior during postnatal development are typically attributed solely to developing neural circuits. How the changing body influences remains unknown. Here we show that state contact vocalizations of infant marmoset monkeys, which transition from noisy, low frequency cries tonal, higher pitched adults, caused partially by laryngeal development. Combining analyses natural vocalizations, motorized excised larynx experiments, tensile material...

The vocal behavior of infants changes dramatically during early life. Whether or not such a change results from the growth body development—as opposed to solely neural changes—has rarely been investigated. In this study development in marmoset monkeys, we tested putative causal relationship between bodily and development. During first two months life, spontaneous vocalizations marmosets undergo (1) gradual disappearance context-inappropriate call types (2) an elongation duration...

Variable motor sequences of animals are often structured and can be described by probabilistic transition rules between action elements. Examples include the songs many songbird species such as Bengalese finch, which consist stereotypical syllables sequenced according to (song syntax). The neural mechanisms behind poorly understood. Here, we investigate where song syntax is encoded in brain finch rapidly reversibly manipulating temperature production pathway. Cooling premotor nucleus HVC...

Abstract During social interactions, individuals influence each other to coordinate their actions. Vocal communication is an exceptionally efficient way exert such influence. Where and how interactions are dynamically modulated in the brain unknown. We used functional ultrasound imaging marmoset monkeys – a highly vocal species - investigate dynamics of medial areas perception, production, audio-vocal interaction. found that activity distributed network subcortical cortical regions...

Functional ultrasound imaging (fUS) is an emerging technique that indirectly measures neural activity via changes in blood volume. Chronic fUS during cognitive tasks freely moving animals faces multiple exceptional challenges: performing large durable craniotomies with chronic implants, designing behavioral experiments matching the hemodynamic timescale, stabilizing probe behavior, accurately assessing motion artifacts, and validating animal can perform while tethered.

The brain continuously coordinates skeletomuscular movements with internal physiological states like arousal, but how is this coordination achieved? One possibility that the simply reacts to changes in external and/or signals. Another it actively coordinating both and activities. We used functional ultrasound imaging capture a large medial section of brain, including multiple cortical subcortical areas, marmoset monkeys while monitoring their spontaneous cardiac activity. By analyzing causal...

Evolution and development are typically characterized as the outcomes of gradual changes, but sometimes (states equilibrium can be punctuated by sudden change. Here, we studied early vocal three different mammals: common marmoset monkeys, Egyptian fruit bats, humans. Consistent with notion equilibria, found that all species undergo at least one transition in acoustics their developing vocalizations. To understand mechanism, modeled developmental landscapes. We was best described a shift...

Abstract Functional ultrasound imaging (fUS) is an emerging technique that indirectly measures neural activity via changes in blood volume. To date it has not been used to image chronically during cognitive tasks freely moving animals. Performing those experiments faces a number of exceptional challenges: performing large durable craniotomies with chronic implants, designing behavioural matching the hemodynamic timescale, stabilizing probe behavior, accurately assessing motion artifacts and...

Gold nanoparticles are promising dual agents for combined photothermal-radiotherapy of cancer. Nevertheless, the shape effects gold on photothermal conversion efficiency and radiosensitization have not been completely revealed. To address this knowledge gap, different shapes including nanospheres (GNSs), nanorods (GNRs), nanocages (GNCs) nanoflowers (GNFs) were synthesized. Despite being subjected to same modification with poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG), these showed cellular uptake...

: How does brain coordinate physiological and behavioral responses to achieve survival in adverse environment is intriguing yet complicated. During studies of the small G protein Rac's role learning memory, authors unexpectedly observed that neuronal expression dominant-negative Rac adult Drosophila remarkably enhanced animals various stress conditions, including oxidation, desiccation, starvation, heat. The elevated resistance was not accompanied by a reduction female fecundity or change...

Abstract The brain continuously coordinates skeletomuscular movements with internal physiological states like arousal, but how is this coordination achieved? One possibility that simply reacts to changes in external and/or signals. Another it actively coordinating both and activities. We used functional ultrasound imaging capture a large medial section of the brain, including multiple cortical subcortical areas, marmoset monkeys while monitoring their spontaneous cardiac activity. By...

Visual grounding (VG) aims at locating the foreground entities that match given natural language expression. Previous datasets and methods for classic VG task mainly rely on prior assumption expression must literally refer to target object, which greatly impedes practical deployment of agents in real-world scenarios. Since users usually prefer provide intention-based expressions desired object instead covering all details, it is necessary interpret intention-driven instructions. Thus, this...

Behavioral sequences of animals are often structured and can be described by probabilistic rules (or "action syntax"). The patterns vocal elements in birdsong a prime example. encoding such neural circuits is poorly understood. Here we locate the site song syntax Bengalese finch rapidly reversibly manipulating temperature production pathway. Changing premotor nucleus HVC (proper name) alters transition probabilities between syllables. Most prominently, cooling reduces number repetitions long...

The vocal sequences of marmosets exhibit many drastic changes during infancy. One the most pronounced these is gradual convergence from a variety call types in undirected context to long distance contact calls (aka phee calls). We conjecture that such change attributed interplay between neural fluctuation and biomechanics developing periphery. To explore possibility, we first quantitatively characterize correlate them with animal momentary arousal levels. Based on this, show diversity...

Adult behaviors, such as vocal production, often exhibit temporal regularity. In contrast, their immature forms are more irregular. We ask whether the coupling of motor behaviors with arousal changes gives rise to regularity: Do they drive transition from variable regular output over course development? used marmoset monkey production explore this putative influence on nonlinear in developing patterns. Based a detailed analysis and dynamics marmosets, we put forth general model incorporating...

Objective To observe the influence of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γligand (PPAR-γ, pioglatazone) on expression PAI-1 and TGF-β mRNA proliferation in fibroblast cells before after X-ray radiation, to study effect PPAR-γon normal during radiation induced fibrosis process. Methods RT-PCR method was used measure PPAR-γgene L929 cells.After irradiation 10 Gy,4 Gy or 2 Gy, expressions mouse lung (L929) were measured using RT-PCR. After pioglatazone treatment,the method. MTT test...

A Commentary on the paper by G. C. Dima et al. [Pap. Phys. 10, 100002 (2018)].Received: 8 January 2018, Accepted: 11 2018; Edited by: A. Martí; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.100003Cite as: Y S Zhang, Papers in Physics 100003 (2018)This paper, is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0.