Research suggests that visual impressions of natural compared with urban environments facilitate recovery after psychological stress. To test whether auditory stimulation has similar effects, 40 subjects were exposed to sounds from nature or noisy a stressful mental arithmetic task. Skin conductance level (SCL) was used index sympathetic activation, and high frequency heart rate variability (HF HRV) parasympathetic activation. Although HF HRV showed no SCL tended be faster during sound than...

Abstract Although many theories of emotion hypothesise a crucial role for the self-perception visceral activity, there has been little empirical investigation relationship between and emotion. In this study, 52 undergraduates (19 males, 33 females) performed heartbeat detection task were classified as good (n=9) or poor (n=43) detectors. Subjects then presented with sets two film clips, each targeting one three different emotional valences (amusement, anger, fear). reported their affective...

Background James and Lange proposed that emotions are the perception of physiological reactions. Two-level theories emotion extend this model to suggest cognitive interpretations changes shape self-reported emotions. Correspondingly false feedback evoked or tonic bodily responses can alter emotional attributions. Moreover, anxiety states arise from detection mismatch between actual anticipated arousal. However, neural underpinnings these phenomena previously have not been examined....

We investigated effects of different proportions incongruent trials on behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) interference measures associated with response conflict in the Stroop flanker task. From literature, we hypothesized that is greater when are rare compared to frequent. In support, results both tasks ERP task (N450) showed were significantly larger than contrast, N200 a effect frequent rare. Because for opposite theoretical predictions, our findings challenge notion as valid...

When people are presented with backward-masked images of fear-relevant stimuli and only some these paired consistently electric shocks, they can predict the occurrence shocks even though do not consciously know which have seen. We postulated that may use perception visceral cues from conditional fear response to facilitate prediction shocks. In this study, ability detect heartbeats was used index sensitivity cues. The results showed subjects who could their performed better than chance in...

Previous research suggests that the own-race bias (ORB) in memory for faces is a result of other-race receiving less visual attention at encoding. As women typically display an own-gender and men do not, we investigated whether face gender sex viewer influenced own- faces, if preferential viewing contributed to ORB memory. Participants viewed pairs female or male while their time was recorded. Afterwards, they completed surprise test. We found (1) males received initial focus attention, (2)...

Because of the continuing debates about statistics, many researchers may feel confused how to analyze and interpret data. Current guidelines in psychology advocate use effect sizes confidence intervals (CIs). However, be unsure extract from factorial designs. Contrast analysis is helpful because it can used test specific questions central interest studies with It weighs several means combines them into one or two sets that tested t tests. The size produced by a contrast simply difference...

The effects of prior task exposure on cardiovascular reactivity to stress were examined in two experiments by randomly assigning participants repeated groups that performed mental arithmetic pretest and test tasks versus delayed only the after prolonged rest. Impedance cardiographic blood pressure measures recorded continuously from 60 undergraduate men Experiment 1 112 women 2. Task repetition attenuated improved performance (p < .001), suggesting an integrated process behavioral...

Electrophysiological recordings are commonly used to study the neural correlates of consciousness in humans. Previous research is inconsistent as whether awareness can be indexed with visual negativity (VAN) at about 200 ms or if it occurs later. The present was preregistered two main aims: First, provide independent evidence for against presence VAN, and second, stimulus size may account findings. Subjects were shown low-contrast Gaussian filtered gratings (Gabor patches) four quadrants....

One theory of visual awareness proposes that electrophysiological activity related to occurs in primary areas approximately 200 ms after stimulus onset (visual negativity: VAN) and fronto-parietal about 300 (late positivity: LP). Although similar processes might be involved auditory awareness, only sparse evidence exists for this idea. In the present study, we recorded while subjects listened tones were presented at their own threshold. The difference elicited by reported being aware versus...

Abstract Affective processing and emotional experience may change with age. Because findings of age differences in affective experiences are mixed even studies using standardized stimuli, this study assessed along gradual increases negative arousal. Younger (20–30 years) older (70–80 healthy adults ( n =78) viewed 110 neutral to pictures (IAPS) while intensity ratings electrodermal activity were recorded. Results showed that had opposite effects on over normative Whereas greater than younger...

Emotional stimuli tend to capture attention, and this so-called motivated attention is commonly measured using the early posterior negativity (EPN) late positive potential (LPP). We hypothesized that voluntary, directed reduces more strongly for highly than moderately arousing pleasant or unpleasant pictures. Participants were instructed direct their either a picture at fixation letters flanking picture. Pictures varied substantially in arousal valence. When pictures attended to, EPN LPP...

To describe characteristics of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) presenting isolated the temporomandibular joints (TMJ).Patients JIA TMJ from 4 large tertiary pediatric rheumatology centers were included. Demographic and clinical data analyzed using descriptive statistics.Fifty-five identified (65% bilateral presentation). Six developed in other (median time 6 mos); uveitis, all prior to arthritis. At last followup, 9% still taking antirheumatic medications.JIA can occur...

The impact of evaluative observation on cardiovascular reactivity and adaptation to recurrent psychological stress was evaluated in 162 undergraduate men women. All participants performed three mental arithmetic tasks with or without observation. Impedance cardiographic, blood pressure, task performance, appraisal measures were recorded for each task. Evaluative moderated the effects repetition cardiac but not vascular reactivity. introduction disrupted adaptation, resulting a resurgence...

Theories of emotion postulate that emotional input is processed independently from perceptual awareness. Although visual masking has a long tradition in studying whether pictures are below supposed threshold awareness (subliminal perception), consensus yet to be reached. This article reviews current concerns the use masking. These include reliable presentation method, role pictures, common definitions and their problems, models awareness, neural mechanisms. A useful strategy may study...

The interrater reliability and concurrent validity of two methods scoring the ensemble‐averaged impedance cardiogram were evaluated. Impedance cardiographic electrocardiographic signals recorded from 40 undergraduate men women during a baseline rest period vocal mental arithmetic task period. Recordings scored by four raters using conventional method, involving ensemble averaging after careful editing beat‐to‐beat waveforms, streamlined without editing. Intraclass correlations for exceeded...

P. F. Lovibond and D. R. Shanks (2002) suggested that expectancy of the unconditional stimulus emotional ratings are valid indexes awareness in Pavlovian conditioning participants aware if they can discriminate conditional stimuli. However, research suggests processes irrelevant to affect these measures. Further, as refers conscious experience, a measures needs index subjective state rather than discrimination ability. In support, using has demonstrated qualitatively different effects...