The relationship between respiratory infectious diseases and form of day care was assessed in a retrospective cohort study 2568 randomly selected children aged 1 through 7 years Espoo, Finland. Day-care center had an increased risk for the common cold, acute otitis media, pneumonia. concentrated 1-year-old children, whom adjusted relative risks (incidence density ratios) pneumonia were 1.69 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.43, 2.01), 1.99 CI 1.57, 2.52), 9.69 2.31, 40.55), respectively....

The purpose of this study was to describe gender differences in children's health until the age 7 y. cohort consisted all children born Finland 1987 ( n = 60 254), whom 99.9% were identified follow‐up. Childhood data received from five national registers (1987‐94), regional intellectual disabilities (1987‐96) and education largest county (1996). Boys had a 20% higher risk for low 5‐min Apgar score an 11% being preterm. After perinatal period, boys 64% cumulative incidence asthma, 43%...

This study investigated Finnish physicians' experiences of decisions concerning living wills and do not resuscitate (DNR) orders also their views on the role patients family members in these decisions.A questionnaire was sent to 800 physicians representing following specialties: general practice (n = 400); internal medicine 207); neurology 100), oncology 93).The response rate 56%. Most respondents had a positive attitude toward (92%), respect for (86%) wills, 72% reported situations which...

This study investigated Finnish nurses’ experiences and views on end-of-life decision making compared them with physicians’ views. For this purpose, a questionnaire was sent to 800 nurses, of which 51% responded. Most the nurses had positive attitude towards respect for living wills, more often than physicians. also believed that will an effect making. Almost all considered it their responsibility talk physicians about respecting wills. Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders were interpreted imply...

Most physicians are against active euthanasia. Very little is known about the possible changes in attitudes of physicians.A questionnaire was sent to a random sample 1003 Finnish working age. A similar had been also 1993 and 2003. The consisted statements euthanasia, for which participants were asked express their agreement or disagreement on 5-point Likert scale.In general, physicians' towards euthanasia have become considerably more positive. In 2003, 61% respondents legalisation 29%...

Debates around euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS) are ongoing the globe. Public support has been mounting in Western countries, while some decline observed USA Eastern Europe. Physicians' for PAS lower than that of general public, but a trend toward higher acceptance among physicians seen recent years. The aim this study was to examine current attitudes Finnish whether there have changes these over three decades.A questionnaire survey conducted with all working age 2020 results...

Early clinical symptoms were analyzed from all known 43 children with aspartylglucosaminuria, born during 1974–1989 in Finland. Pre‐ and perinatal histories appeared normal for children, except muscular hypotonia weak sucking some babies. Three infants had abduction stiffness the hips, needing follow‐up. Other abnormalities found infancy umbilical or inguinal hernias unusual susceptibility to respiratory ear infections. This diminished clearly most patients after six years of age. Episodic...

There is a rather wide range of meanings for placebo and effect, some the controversy has arisen when proponents various positions have ignored each other. An attempt made to clarify conceptual issues related these concepts. Five uses placebos as inert substances or treatments are listed. The problem effect discussion its existence examined, other terms that could cover phenomenon suggested. It suggested concept appropriate only research context term care be introduced replace it in clinical...

Three recent empirical studies on the use of placebos and two papers arguing for deliberate in clinical practice are analysed. Empirical demonstrate that commonly used. The concept placebo is currently understood different ways, many which do not refer to inert substances or treatments. shown fail make their case.

The aim of the present study was to explore use and understanding concepts ‘placebo’ ‘placebo effect’ in 12 empirical studies that have addressed prescription placebos by doctors clinical practice. There were great differences general methodology definitions (or lack any definition) basic these studies. Therefore, results reflect different things. They tell us a little about ‘pure placebos’, more ‘impure but most all, they conceptual confusion this area.

Follow‐up studies on health have usually been based ad hoc cohort in which detailed information is collected specifically for research purposes a certain group of people. The increasing collection routine data provides an alternative method gathering follow‐up data. In this study, the feasibility using routinely health‐register and linkages to follow up children’s was investigated. Five nationwide registers, 18 regional registers intellectually disabled children school administration one...

The term ‘alternative medicine’ is a misnomer because it suggests that there are two kinds of medicine alternative to each other. Although commonly used, the problematic. It escapes meaningful definition, and cannot be clearly differentiated from ‘conventional medicine’. nature ‘alternative’ in anything but clear. In addition, bundling all so-called therapies under one heading misleading. Due purely rhetoric ‘alternativity’, seems no such thing as any sense.

Oestrogen treatment for girls, to prevent psychosocial problems due extreme tallness, has been available almost 50 years but uncertainty about its position prevails. The ethical of this are focused on in paper. After a brief overview historical and medical aspects, issues such as the general justification oestrogen treatment, evaluation success concerns related research subject dealt with detail.