A liquid-crystal elastomer (LCE) iris inspired by the human eye is demonstrated. With integrated polyimide-based platinum heaters, LCE material thermally actuated. The radial contraction direction, similar to a mammalian iris, imprinted custom-designed magnetic field. Actuation of device reproducible over multiple cycles and controllable at intermediate states.

Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology, and surface micromachining in particular, have led to the development of miniaturized optical devices with a substantial impact large number application areas. The reason is unique MEMS characteristics that are advantageous fabrication, systems integration, operation micro-optical systems. precision mechanics MEMS, microfabrication techniques, functionality all make possible wide variety movable tunable mirrors, lenses, filters, other...

We demonstrate cascaded Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG), and Sum-Frequency (SFG) in integrated on-chip whispering-gallery resonators (WGRs). These lithium niobate-based WGRs are fabricated using highly-parallel semiconductor manufacturing techniques coupled with specialized polishing as a post-processing step thus represent novel means for batch fabrication of this family non-linear devices. achieved record high Q-factors niobate reaching up to 3 × 106....

Shaping silica like a polymer Glass is tremendously useful, but it energy intensive to make because of the high melting temperature and processing methods that require melts. Mader et al. circumvented need for glass using plastic nanocomposite injection molding (see Perspective by Dylla-Spears). The low-temperature can produce parts in as little 5 seconds with spatial resolution. strategy provides different potentially less energy-intensive method mass producing made glass. Science , this...

Tunable liquid micro-optical lenses and phase shifters based on multi-electrode electrowetting actuation are often subject to wavefront errors due processing irregularities or surface defects. To enable the correction of these anomalies, we present here a method that allows calibration compensation for errors, thereby leading best possible optimization tunable optical surface. The approach relies measurement transmitted using Shack–Hartmann sensor subsequent determination actual shape....

A novel type of liquid microlens, bounded by a microfabricated, distensible membrane and activated microfluidic liquid-handling system, is presented. By use an elastomer fabricated spin coating onto dry-etched silicon substrate, the liquid-filled cavity acts as lens whereby applied pressure changes distension thus focal length. Both plano–convex plano–concave lenses, individual elements well arrays, were tested. The surface roughness was seen to be ∼9 nm rms, length could tuned from 1 18 mm....

We present a detailed investigation of the effect lens size on focusing performance plasmonic lenses based metallic nanoslit arrays with variable widths. The parameters considered include focal length, depth focus (DOF), full-width half-maximum (FWHM) and maximum intensity point. 2D FDTD simulation was utilized. results show that all are greatly affected by size. A larger size, total phase difference at least 2π, will produce better behavior closer agreement design. Fresnel number...

Microlenses fabricated using flexible elastomers can be tuned in focal length by application of controlled strain. By varying the strain azimuthally, lenses may deformed asymmetrically such that aberrations controlled. This approach is used to tune astigmatism tunable lenses, and it shown generated wavefront accurately The lens presented here has an initial 32.6 mm a tuning range +2.3 for approximately 10% applied directly Zernike polynomials representing about 3 µm, while secondary errors,...

Chip-integrated whispering-gallery resonators (WGRs) enable compact and wavelength-agile nonlinear optical frequency synthesizers. So far, the most flexible phase-matching technique, i.e., quasi-phase matching, has not been applied in this configuration. The reason is lack of suitable thin films with alternating crystal structure on a low-refractive-index substrate. Here, we demonstrate an innovative method realizing film substrates for matching by field-assisted domain engineering lithium...

We have developed a self-contained, liquid tunable microlens based on polyacrylate membranes integrated with compact on-chip thermo-pneumatic actuation fabricated using full-wafer processing. Silicone oil is used as the optical liquid, which pushed or pulled into lens cavity via an extended microfluidic channel structure without any pumps, valves other mechanical means. The heat load generated by thermal actuator physically isolated from chamber. back focal length may be tuned infinity to 4...

Ridge waveguides provide a large refractive index contrast and thus strong mode confinement, making them highly attractive for building compact photonic integrated circuits. However, ridge suffer from scattering losses. We demonstrate scattering-loss reduction of made lithium-niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) substrates by more than one order magnitude. This is achieved gently polishing the ridge's sidewalls simultaneous protection top surfaces metal layer. Whispering-gallery-resonator loss...

This paper presents an analytical model of transient latchup in bulk CMOS that predicts the time-dependent current and voltage characteristics parasitic p-n-p-n structure. Not only does describe conditions for latchup, but it also a previously unreported phenomenon dynamic recovery, which we have verified experimentally. Compact Stability criteria are presented structure delineate roles ramp rate circuit parameters.

An optofluidic iris, which uses the absorption of an opaque liquid in combination with a second transparent for defining optical apertures variable diameters, tuned by directly deforming ring-shaped liquid-liquid interface using electrowetting on dielectrics, is presented. The novelty lies not only absence any moving parts or membranes but also design ring, allows planar microfabrication processes to be used exclusively all functional iris. When compared other approaches, this concept...

We demonstrate a tunable imaging system based on the functionality of mammalian eye using soft-matter micro-optical components. Inspired by structure eye, as well means through which nature tunes its optical behavior, we show that technologies microsystems engineering and micro-optics may be used to realize technical whose biomimetic is entirely distinct from conventional optics. The engineered eyeball integrates deformable elastomeric refractive shape mechanically controlled application...

We demonstrate an electrowetting-actuated optofluidic system based on a rotatable liquid prism implemented as two-dimensional laser scanner. The is fabricated through novel technology using patterned flexible polymeric foil which high density of electrodes structured and subsequently inserted into cylindrical housing. resulting radial electrode array used for electrowetting actuation two fluids filled the cylinder, allows controllable tilt orientation planar interface thus represents tunable...

A design method for correcting chromatic as well spherical aberrations of variable-focus, multi-chamber liquid lenses is described. By combining suitable optical liquids with appropriate radii the liquid's interfaces, superior, diffraction-limited resolution over a wide focal tuning range are possible. For an infinite object distance, analytic thin-lens approximation achromatic positive/negative varifocal lens derived and obtained results compared ray-traced optimized designs which consider...

An integrated tunable microlens, whose focal length may be varied over a range of 3 to 15 mm with total power consumption below 250 mW, is presented. Using thermo-pneumatic actuation, this adaptive optical microsystem completely and requires no external pressure controllers for operation. The lens system consists liquid-filled cavity bounded by distensible polydimethyl-siloxane membrane separate thermal actuation sensing elements, all fabricated using silicon, glass polymers. Due the...

Employing Bessel beams in imaging takes advantage of their self-reconstructing properties to achieve small focal points while maintaining a large depth focus. are efficiently generated using axicons, and utility scanning systems, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), has been demonstrated. As these systems miniaturized allow, for example, endoscopic implementations, micro-axicons required assure the maintenance We demonstrate here design, fabrication, application molded use...

We present an iterative design method for liquid-tunable aspherical lenses capable of diffraction-limited performance over a wide focal length range. The are formed by thin elastomer meniscus with variable thickness profile engineered to deform into ideal asphere under uniform pressure load. Compared their more conventional counterparts, the proposed significantly reduce spherical aberration larger portion aperture. procedure begins semi-analytical calculation using large-deflection plate...

The present work proposes a novel autonomous Internet of Things (IoT) spectral sensing system for in-situ optical monitoring grape ripening through reflectance signals. To this end, tailor-made hardware IoT end node was developed, characterized, and operated in both lab field conditions. It included three complementary modules: the module, host controller module. module four photodetectors LEDs with maximum emission wavelength centered at 530, 630, 690, 730 nm that placed direct contact...

A new class of tunable and actuated microoptical devices is presented: pneumatic microoptics. Using microelectromechanical system fabrication technology extended by the use polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes, microlenses, lens arrays, micromirrors with large tilt angles tip-tilt piston mirrors have been designed fabricated. Actuation pressure: Gas- or liquid-filled microfluidic cavities are employed to distend microfabricated PDMS structures which then act as a surface an actuator for...