Service orientation is one of the most important decisions that a transit manager makes. A can concentrate service on central business district (CBD) or disperse to connect multiple destinations. Conventional wisdom suggests managers should focus serving CBD, because that—such suggests—is where riders wish travel. In some places, decision complicated by need define specific role be played rail service. Some may view as part an integrated network structure. Other it simply functional...

Abstract This study investigated the differences between ACTFL Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) and ‐ Computer (OPIc) among Spanish learners at a U.S. university. Participants ( N = 154) were randomly assigned to take both tests in counterbalanced order mitigate test effects. Data analyzed using an aligned rank transform (ART) analysis, focusing on variables such as gender, age, language courses, missionary experience, self‐assessed ability. Results showed strong correlation OPI OPIc ratings...

Monolingual dictionaries for foreign-language learners tend to be unquestioningly regarded as better than bilingual dictionaries. In this article, I discuss whether is in fact true. have serious disadvantages many language-teaching situations: particular, will often not know which word look up; and, even when they do, the definitions foreign language may help them very much. argue that are potentially more efficient and motivating sources of information learners. However, new kinds needed,...

Abstract Students' first and target language are often used by both teachers students during instruction in the foreign classroom (Levine, 2011). In this study, frequency of reasons for students' teachers' use English or Spanish were analyzed using video recordings 40 class sessions taught eight randomly selected 102 202 teachers. All videos transcribed, a word count was made to determine overall The relationship between number code‐switches analyzed. Finally, languages categorized counted...

Abstract While studies have been done to rate the validity and reliability of Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) Interview–Computer (OPIc) independently, a limited amount research has analyzed interexam these tests, yet be conducted comparing results Spanish language learners who take both exams. For this study, 154 various proficiency levels were divided into two groups administered OPI OPIc within 2‐week period using counterbalanced design. In addition, study participants took pre‐...

Interacting with target-language speakers online has become an important way for many second language students around the world to improve their skills in target language. These types of learning interactions can take place on a wide range platforms, whether paid or unpaid, one-on-one small groups. Although research these activities, often called virtual exchanges (VE), increased, relatively little compared students’ experiences across different platforms. The present study first and...

Abstract Using a data set exclusively prepared for and licensed to them by the College Board, authors examined growth of Advanced Placement program in foreign languages overall trends regard number candidates who sat language exams, their gender, scores, ethnicity over 36‐year period covering 1979 2014. Results indicated that while all exams grew, Spanish Language Culture exam demonstrated exponential unparalleled any other exam. While scores have varied based on iteration exam, they...

Given the ever-growing number of Spanish heritage learners in both universities and colleges, need has continued to grow for development placement exams that accurately measure language ability, are simple evaluate, easy administer large numbers students. This article analyzes implementation a exam at public university, examines results, suggests ways further develop

There is debate about the relative merits of investing in rail or express bus modes to improve regional transit performance. The largely assumes that both serve a single function providing higher-speed service central business district (CBD) over relatively long travel distances. generally overlooks other functions might be served by and thus ignores two may perform differently depending on mission they are assigned. Performance examined four metropolitan areas with different strategies for...

The ACTFL Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) and accompanying proficiency guidelines have become a mainstay in academic foreign language assessment. In 2006, an asynchronous electronic interface of the OPI was made available which candidates are asked to record themselves responding questions delivered aurally via computer, labeled Interview-computer (OPIc). Thompson, Cox, Knapp (2016) found that both instruments produced similar results but many students their sample who scored at Advanced...

Given the need to expand offering of language classes all elementary students, schools have looked for innovative ways teach young learners one or more languages while mitigating costs. This study analyzed a Foreign Language in Elementary Schools (FLES) program an inner-city school Southeastern United States that was designed help underserved students experience benefits early learning. article describes yearlong case fifth-grade class participating technology-enhanced Spanish instructional...

Los avances en la tecnología digital han creado oportunidades interesantes para que los estudiantes de lengua participen conversaciones con hablantes nativos. Estas brindan posibilidad un enorme crecimiento el aprendizaje lenguas y culturas (Lewis & O’Dowd, 2016) formas hasta hace poco no existían. interacciones pueden tomar una variedad formas. Algunos instructores crean sumamente controladas actividades específicas compañeros asignados previamente. A otros se les pide conecten a sitios...

Interacting with native speakers in various types of virtual exchanges is becoming increasingly accessible for language learners and teachers around the world. The present study examined experiences beginning intermediate level Spanish United States as they interacted weekly over course three academic years. Students were assigned to face-to-face settings or one a variety exchange platforms including both free paid services. unique opportunities created by structure features each setting...

The growth in the number of Spanish heritage language learners languages for specific purposes classes has been accompanied by an increase and types community service learning programs which these students can participate to better prepare them future employment opportunities. In spite classroom, few studies have looked at this setting even fewer role that play developing learners' domain-specific abilities. Through analysis research areas learners, purposes, learning, article discusses...

This article presents a descriptive analysis of the evolution world language Advanced Placement (AP) exam candidates’ ethno-racial background, their heritage learner status, and dominance, with particular emphasis on two Spanish exams. The data come from aggregated national totals prepared by College Board that include ethnicity, score, taken 1979 to 1993 as well gender, status (2004–14), dominance (1994–2014). For four seven modern exams other than English, 74% or more candidates identified...