A5026851619- Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics
- Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Calibration and Measurement Techniques
- Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics
- Astro and Planetary Science
- History and Developments in Astronomy
- Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Geophysics and Gravity Measurements
- Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics
- Astronomical Observations and Instrumentation
- demographic modeling and climate adaptation
- Satellite Image Processing and Photogrammetry
- Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies
- Spacecraft Design and Technology
- Historical Astronomy and Related Studies
- Impact of Light on Environment and Health
- Computational Physics and Python Applications
- Earthquake Detection and Analysis
- Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research
Royal Observatory of Belgium
2021-2025
Abstract In 2024 May, the scientific community observed intense solar eruptions that resulted in a great geomagnetic storm and auroral extensions, highlighting need to document quantify these events. This study mainly focuses on their quantification. The source active region (AR; NOAA Active Region 13664) evolved from 113 2761 millionths of hemisphere between May 4 14. AR 13664’s magnetic free energy surpassed 10 33 erg 7, triggering 12 X-class flares 8–15. Multiple interplanetary coronal...
Abstract The Carrington flare in 1859 September is a benchmark, as the earliest reported solar and an event with one of greatest terrestrial impacts. To date, no rigorous estimate energy this has been made on basis only direct observation available, its white-light emission. Here, we exploit historical observations to obtain magnitude express it terms GOES soft X-ray class. From Carrington’s original drawings, estimated area flaring region be 116 ± 25 msh. account allows us blackbody...
In May 2024, the scientific community observed intense solar eruptions that resulted in an extreme geomagnetic storm and auroral extension, highlighting need to document quantify these events. This study mainly focuses on their quantification. The source active region (AR 13664) evolved from 113 2761 millionths of hemisphere between 4 14 2024. AR 13664's magnetic free energy surpassed 1033 erg 7 triggering 12 X-class flares. Multiple interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) came out...
Abstract The recalibration of the sunspot number series, primary long-term record solar cycle, requires recovery entire collection raw counts collected by Zurich Observatory for production this index between 1849 and 1980. Here, we report about major progresses accomplished recently in construction global digital database, derive statistics all individual observers professional observatories who provided data over more than 130 years. First, can announce full long-lost source-data tables...
Abstract Telescopic sunspot observations began in 1610 and captured subsequent solar cycles. In combination with proxy reconstructions on an annual scale, these data sets indicate a gradual transition between regular cycles the Maunder Minimum. The telescopic missed beginning of first cycle (Solar Cycle −13), leaving room for considerable uncertainty as to its temporal evolution. Before early observations, however, Kepler made using camerae obscurae recorded group three drawings 1607. Here,...
Abstract We propose a fully automated system to detect, aggregate, and classify sunspot groups according the McIntosh scheme using ground‐based white light (WL) observations from USET facility located at Royal Observatory of Belgium. The detection uses Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), trained segmentation maps obtained with an unsupervised method based on mathematical morphology image thresholding. Given mask, mean‐shift algorithm is used aggregate individual sunspots into groups. This...
Full disk observations of the solar chromosphere in Ca II K line represent a valuable dataset for studies magnetic activity. The S-index is widely used to investigate activity stars, however, its connection coverage stellar structure still poorly understood. We use archives full images taken by Royal Observatory Belgium with USET derive area fraction brightest chromospheric structures over last decade. These data allowed us study end cycle 24 and beginning 25. regions surface were then...
Context. Full disk observations of the solar chromosphere in Ca II K line represent a valuable dataset for studies magnetic activity. The well known S-index is widely used to investigate activity stars, however, its connection coverage stellar structure still poorly understood. Aims. We use archives full images taken by Royal Observatory Belgium with Uccle Solar Equatorial Table (USET) derive area fraction brightest chromospheric structures over last decade. These data have allowed us study...