Second-order free riders, who do not owe punishment cost to first-order riders in public goods games, lead low cooperation. Previous studies suggest that for stable cooperation, it is critical have a pool system with second-order punishment, which gathers resources from group members and punishes as well riders. In this study, we focus on the priority of punishment. We hypothesize prioritizes more likely achieve cooperation than because former obtain sufficient resources. experiments,...

A nuclear magnetic resonance-based ligand screening strategy utilizing a paramagnetic lanthanide probe is presented. By fixing ion to target protein, pseudo-contact shift (PCS) and relaxation enhancement (PRE) can be observed for both the protein its bound ligand. Based on PRE PCS information, then screened from compound library structure of ligand-protein complex determined. an isotropic effect within 30 Å ion, utilized in present study. anisotropic providing long-range (~40 Å) distance...

An unexpected configuration of a novel carbohydrate structure in the cell wall Mycobacterium tuberculosis was revealed by synthesizing isomers 5-deoxy-5-methylthio-D-pentofuranose as α- and β-methyl glycosides analyzing their NMR spectra (see picture). Cell-wall glycolipids are crucial factors for pathogenesis infectious diseases, results presented might open new research avenues into host–pathogen interactions.

Abstract Proteins, especially multi-domain proteins, often undergo drastic conformational changes upon binding to ligands or by post-translational modifications, which is a key step regulate their function. However, the detailed mechanisms of such dynamic regulation functional processes are poorly understood because lack an efficient tool. We here demonstrate characterization MurD, 47 kDa protein enzyme consisting three domains, use solution NMR equipped with paramagnetic lanthanide probe....

Abstract Punishment of non-cooperators—free riders—can lead to high cooperation in public goods games (PGG). However, second-order free riders, who do not pay punishment costs, reduce the effectiveness punishment. Here we introduce a “leader support system,” which one group leader can freely punish followers using capital pooled through followers. In our experiment, participants engage three stages repeatedly: PGG stage decide cooperate for their group; whether leader; and any follower. We...

Cooperation in social dilemmas can be sustained if individuals are effectively rewarded or punished from peers within the group. However, as group size increases, we inevitably face localization, which a global is divided into several localized groups. In such societies, members reward and punish only neighbors same group, while cooperation for should solved through involvement. this situation, local not always equal terms of welfare, situations arise beneficial but We predict that locally...

This paper proposes a partially-parallel LDPC decoder based on high-efficiency message-passing algorithm. Our proposed performs the column operations for bit nodes in conjunction with row check nodes. Bit functional unit pipeline architecture our allows us to perform every node connected each of which are updated by parallel. improves tuning when performed, accordingly it efficiency within limited number iterations decoding. We implemented an FPGA, and simulated its decoding performance....

The difficulty in evaluating the conformational distribution of proteins solution often hinders mechanistic insights. One possible strategy for visualizing is distance measurement by single-pair small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), which interference from only a specific pair atoms target molecule extracted. Despite this promising concept, with few applications synthetic small molecules and DNA, technical difficulties have prevented its application protein studies. This study used tag to fix...

Abstract Using Kahneman and Tversky’s life-death decision paradigm, Wang colleagues (e.g., & Johnston, 1995; Wang, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 2008; et al., 2001) have shown two characteristic phenomena regarding people’s attitude to risk when the contextual group size is manipulated. In both positive negative frames, people tend take greater risks in decisions as becomes smaller; this risk-seeking framed positively than negatively. (This second often leads disappearance of framing effect small...

Abstract In political philosophy, reflective equilibrium is a standard method used to systematically reconcile intuitive judgments with theoretical principles. this paper, we propose that survey experiments and model selection method—i.e., the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)-based method—can be viewed together as methodological means of satisfying epistemic desiderata implicit in equilibrium. To show this, conduct experiment on two theories distributive justice, prioritarianism...

Abstract 13 C CP/MAS NMR spectra were measured on the layered compounds [C 6 H 5 CH 2 NH 3 ] [CH n - 1 Pb I 3n + (w = 1, 2). The linewidth of resonance peak corresponding to phenyl carbons changed with temperature. maximum broadening took place at 363 K for both com-pounds. activation energy E a reorientation group was determined be 25 kJ mol and 26 2. frequency factor τ 0 evaluated from K. value second moment, estimated linewidth, interpreted by assuming 180° flip around its two-fold axis....

HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY article Front. Psychol., 12 October 2011Sec. Social and Evolutionary Neuroscience volume 2 - 2011 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00265

The issue of absence from school has gained much attention in contemporary Japan. government continues to redefine the phenomenon and publish their opinions, frequently inducing sensational media reports. This paper studies how Ministry Education framed non-attendance over period 1950 2000s. To investigate ideological aspects Ministry's framing, I carried out a content analysis reports statistics it issued decades. found that throughout period, terminology discussing closely reflected...

Cooperation is fundamental to human societies, and one of the important paths for its emergence maintenance reciprocity. In prisoner’s dilemma (PD) experiments, reciprocal strategies are often effective at attaining maintaining high cooperation. many public goods (PG) games or n-person PD however, not successful engendering present paper, we attribute this difficulty a coordination problem against free riding among reciprocators: Because it difficult reciprocators coordinate their behaviors...

This paper proposes a parallel LSI architecture for LDPC decoder which improves message-passing schedule. The proposed is characterized as follows: (i) the column operations follow row in pipelined to ensure that and are performed concurrently; (ii) bit functional unit enables perform every operation using messages updated by operations. These can be without extending single iterative decoding delay. Hardware implementation simulation results show throughput error performance with small...

In this paper, we propose a power-efficient LDPC decoder architecture based on an accelerated message-passing schedule. The proposed is characterized as follows: (i) Partitioning pipelined operation not to read and write intermediate messages simultaneously enables the schedule be implemented with single-port SRAMs. (ii) FIFO-based buffering reduces number of SRAM banks words keeps single message for each non-zero bit in parity check matrix well classical while achieving Implementation...