Abstract Hydrogel drug-delivery system that can effectively load antibacterial drugs, realize the in-situ drug release in microenvironment of wound infection to promote healing. In this study, a multifunctional hydrogel delivery (HA@TA-Okra) was constructed through integration hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA) matrix with tannic (TA) and okra extract. The composition structural characteristics HA@TA-Okra its unique advantages treatment diverse wounds were systematically evaluated. TA, due...

Salmon farming is among the most successful aquaculture industries with a production growth that substantially higher than aggregate in recent decades. It well known innovations and productivity are main sources for this development. In article we look closer at two potentially important factors growth, development of farm size company directly through economies scale indirectly capacity R&D, innovation, sales marketing. Norway, per license has increased from 26 tons 1980 to 1,130 2010,...

The largest companies in salmon aquaculture are rapidly getting bigger due to organic growth as well mergers and acquisitions, the now multi-national companies. There two main explanations for this growth: 1) An attempt become large enough exploit market power, or 2) Size is necessary adopt new technologies that increase efficient scale. In paper, we investigate degree of concentration each producer countries Atlantic salmon, globally all farmed account global nature using...

In this paper, we investigate the impact of firm size and price variability on profitability in Norwegian salmon farming industry using a panel data set all companies from period 2000 to 2014. Several proxies for are included analysis. We find that firm's share total sales has positive profitability, while an alternative proxy, assets, is negatively linked profitability. Financial leverage (gearing) negative impact, but liquidity (current assets/current liabilities) not found significantly...

In response to climate change and environmental degradation, the European Union has recently proposed a long-term strategy targeting climate-neutral economy by 2050. Sustainable finance plays crucial role in reducing country's production-generated emissions since limited access credit hampers firms from investing pollution abatement technology. Additionally, high collateral requirements may force replace investment with tangible assets, which are often preferred as debt financing. Using...

The COVID-19 pandemic decreases firm revenue and raises the demand for liquidity, resulting in increased financial stress firms throughout world. In attempts to mitigate impact of crisis, governments have established a range credit programs provide with poor liquidity. However, efficacy those relief has been low, funds do not reach businesses most need liquidity injection, indicating identify that are vulnerable during crisis. We first combine standard Enterprises Surveys follow-up surveys...

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected supply and demand to a large extent. Declining for firms' output caused significant financial stress all kinds of firms worldwide. Production that requires environmental measures usually gets constrained when firms, especially small medium-sized (SMEs), have difficulty in accessing credit. Firms thus face the dilemma whether continue behaviors or fulfill commitments suppliers, employees, so on. As such, an empirical question is economic consequences vary by...

In recent years there has been increased interest in the transaction forms salmon markets, given that contracts have become more common, vertical mergers create firms cover several levels supply chain, and futures markets developed as a price risk tool. These are strong indications chains developing same direction for processed food products. this article we investigate to what extent development influenced transmission process two product forms: relatively unprocessed one (fresh fillets)...

In recent years, eco-labeling has become an increasingly used tool to signal sustainable sourcing of (sea-) food. While the literature focused on price premiums associated with labels, it is noted in this paper that eco-labels can also contribute profitability by reducing cost, e.g. through longer product lifespans. Hence, be beneficial a supply chain even without premium. This study applies duration analysis explore whether two (the MSC label Marine Stewardship Council and line-caught...

The aquaculture industry has experienced substantial growth for many years. Moreover, high rates are projected to continue into the foreseeable future. Compared other species, salmon farming is one of most capital-intensive seafood industries, requiring investments in working capital, fixed assets, intangible assets (i.e., licenses), and innovation. Meanwhile, this exposed both production risk demand uncertainty. Surprisingly, investment behavior sector attracted very little research. In...

This study explores trade-offs between fish quality, fishing efficiency, costs and profitability across three different vessel groups in the Norwegian groundfish fishery, that is, vessels with bottom trawls, longlines Danish seines. The results of hedonic price analysis at ex-vessel level value chain indicate substantial differences quality as Atlantic cod caught obtain premiums 15.0 % 12.6 compared trawling seining, respectively, holding other variables constant. For haddock, longlining...

This study focuses on fish quality and resource utilization at the ex-vessel level of value chain. Substantial waste in form reduced is revealed for Atlantic cod landed by coastal fleet Norway, with approximately 30% sampled from 399 catches downgraded, implying products onshore processing. By using an objective index individual hedonic price modeling, we obtain new insights regarding important role markets may play sustainable marine resources. The econometric results indicate that had a...

Capital requirements increase as aquaculture becomes more industrialized, with firms increasing their scale of production and capital intensity. Public listing at stock exchanges can provide improved access cheaper financing for firms. Since the public is a fairly recent phenomenon relatively few have entered markets, it useful to investigate differences in profitability among listed private Our econometric estimates based on unique panel dataset Norwegian salmon companies indicate that...

This study investigates the roles of different measures environmental performance in firms' financing choices. Environmental is measured through energy-efficiency investments, energy intensity, and consumption disclosures, which correspond to input-based, output-based, disclosing perspectives, respectively. We further distinguish between debt equity since information asymmetry varies across investors, affecting pecking order financial sources. use Eastern European Central Asian firm-level...

Previous studies have examined gender differences in environmental disclosure and corporate responsibility, which are elements used to measure greenwashing. However, little attention has been given the impact of firm leaders’ on This study applies a logit econometric model estimate probability being greenwashers for female-led firms compared male-led firms, using sample 7,870 private from 28 countries. Our main results suggest that female-managed not less likely conduct also evaluates...

This paper investigates the convenience yield that emerges in markets with productive stocks. We isolate economic fundamentals giving rise to yield, and show how these map empirical measure. A model for price dynamics is derived from an optimal stock levels. process reduces a simple non‐linear first‐order Markov process. The estimated Norwegian market farmed salmon by Generalized Methods of Moments, where growth approximated sea‐water temperature. Our estimation result supports theorized...

Abstract Perfect farm‐retail price transmission sometimes is taken to mean an elasticity of (EPT) equal 1. We show that this definition inconsistent with Gardner's (1975) model. also the absolute marketing margin (defined as difference between retail and farm price) responds differently shifts in demand, input supply, technical change marketers’ production function than does relative ratio price). The empirical implications these results are discussed some detail.

This study investigates the role of bidder numbers in fish auctions, a neglected area past research and one that is key importance for optimal use limited marine resources. The Norwegian auction Atlantic cod shows prices increase when two or more bidders participate auction. Holding other variables such as lot size, quality grade, seasonality constant, price increases 4.51 %, 6.47 7.18 9.88 % auctions with two, three, four, five plus were found, compared to only bidder. increasing following...

This study examined the effects of key fishing tactics such as choice gear and catch size, an indicator swift intense fishing, on quality landed fish. The changes in yearly TACs, thus shares, vessel size (length) age fish were also investigated. A data set consisting objective assessments Atlantic cod 432 catches from coastal fishery Norway, combined with details about same was analyzed. statistical analysis showed that affected quality, but to a variable degree, gillnets Danish seines,...

Small-scale fisheries have received most of the attention in literature investigating negative impacts COVID-19 pandemic on seafood production. Larger fishing vessels are often perceived to be more resilient as they better able alter harvest patterns response supply shocks than smaller, less mobile vessels. In addition, larger deliver storable frozen products contributing resiliency. The and demand caused by provides an opportunity test this hypothesis is investigated here large-scale...