Geographic differences in floral traits may reflect geographic effective pollinator assemblages. Independent local adaptation to assemblages multiple regions would be expected cause parallel trait evolution, although sufficient evidence for this is still lacking. Knowing the intraspecific evolutionary history of will reveal events that occur early stages diversification. In study, we investigated relationship between flower spur length and size 16 populations

Abstract Background Geographic differences in floral size sometimes reflect geographic pollinator size. However, we know little about whether this specialization to the regional occurred independently at many places or once and then spread across distribution range of plant species. Results We investigated relationship between local flowers 12 populations Lamium album var. barbatum on two different mountains Japan Alps. Then, using 10 microsatellite markers, analyzed genetic differentiation...

Abstract Cimicifuga simplex (Ranunculaceae) has three genetically distinct pollination morphs. Here, we report that each of the morphs C. differs from others with regard to sex expression and mating system: morph I consists mostly ramets hermaphroditic flowers only female flowers, II male III flowers. A microsatellite analysis seed DNA showed a high self‐fertilization rate. Flowering season flower visitor assemblages, which also differ among morphs, may influence evolution maintenance...

Abstract Cimicifuga simplex has three genetically and ecologically distinct pollination morphs with different flowering phenology, flower sex expressions, selfing rates. A previous study showed that strong protandry in hermaphroditic flowers of C. causes there to be seasonal minority sexes; for example, unisexual female ramets are advantageous the first half season bloom then (minority hypothesis). That study, however, did not distinguish among . We investigated ratio changes pollinator...

Cimicifuga simplex Wormsk. (Ranunculaceae) is a perennial herb distributed in eastern and northeastern Asia for which at least three different pollination morphs have been reported. It classified as endangered or near threatened some Japanese regions, its rhizome commercially used crude drug. To examine genetic differentiation gene flow among the morphs, we developed eight microsatellite markers by using next-generation sequencing estimated structure of C. simplex. We tested primer pairs on...

The authors declare no conflict of interest. Data (Nakase et al., 2022) are available in Figshare: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.20055143. Appendix S1 Please note: publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality any supporting information supplied by authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to corresponding author article.

Superparasitism (multiple parasites in a single host) is one of the most significant examples density-dependent intraspecific competition among insect parasitoids. In this study, we showed that multiple parasitism by Blissoxenos esakii (Insecta, Strepsiptera) induce earlier adult emergence than solitary (single parasite host). creates conditions wherein strepsipteran larvae must compete for limited (two) exit spaces on host body their as adults. As result, selection might have favored...

The behavioural patterns of flower-visiting insects are influenced by floral display size, reward, etc. We tested whether various taxa visiting Cimicifuga simplex would change their behaviour between hermaphroditic and female flowers. Male-phase flowers ramets provide flower visitors with nectar pollen as rewards, whereas only nectar. appearance the both sexes in C. is different hermaphrodite being relatively large ramet small. Therefore, to investigate how sexual differences rewards...

Abstract BackgroundGeographic differences in flower size sometimes reflect geographic pollinator size. However, we know little about whether this specialization to the regional occurred independently at many places or once and then spread across distribution range of species. ResultsWe investigated relationship between local corolla tube length flowers morphological traits pollinators 12 populations Lamium album var. barbatum on two different mountains Japan Alps. Then, using 10...

Geographic differences in floral traits may reflect geographic effective pollinator assemblages. Independent local adaptation to assemblages multiple regions would be expected cause parallel trait evolution, although sufficient evidence for this is still lacking. In study, we investigated the relationship between flower spur length and size 16 populations of Aquilegia buergeriana var. distributed four mountain Japanese Alps. We also examined genetic yellow- red-flowered individuals, see if...