We investigate ion acoustic solitary waves (solitons) of varying amplitudes in a one-dimensional plasma using fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulations. The initial soliton conditions are based on the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation, treating ions as cold species and electrons with finite temperature. Our findings reveal that KdV solitons evolve nonlinearly to saturated state at higher amplitude, deviating from predictions for density electric potential, Boltzmann relation electron...

Hypervelocity particles, such as meteoroids and space debris, routinely impact spacecraft are energetic enough to vaporize ionize themselves well a portion of the target material. The resulting plasma rapidly expands into surrounding vacuum. While measurements from hypervelocity impacts have been made using ground-based technologies light gas guns Van de Graaff dust accelerators, some basic properties vary significantly between experiments. There both in-situ radio frequency (RF) emission...

The generation mechanism for ion acoustic solitons due to speeding orbital debris in warm isothermal ionospheric plasma with the background magnetic field oriented at an arbitrary angle trajectory is analyzed. It found that fluctuations floating potential, which acquires charging, can be amplified into growing waves by streaming onto debris. Normally, are Landau damped ionosphere because their phase speed matches equal and electron temperatures. However, frame, streams inhomogeneous velocity...

Plasma convection in the Earth's magnetosphere from distant magnetotail to inner occurs largely form of mesoscale flows, i.e., discrete enhancements plasma flow with sharp dipolarizations magnetic field. Recent spacecraft observations suggest that dipolarization flows are associated a wide range kinetic processes such as Alfvén waves, whistler-mode and nonlinear time-domain structures. In this paper we explore how produce suprathermal electron instabilities, thus providing free energy for...

Radio frequency (RF) emission from hypervelocity impacts has been detected in multiple experiments, but the physical mechanism responsible is not well understood. Plasma created by these and rapidly expands into surrounding vacuum; it's argued that observed RF associated with a process plasma. A recent model proposes coherent oscillations large scale charge separation due to expansion of plasma can produce RF. In this paper, we use discontinuous Galerkin particle-in-cell technique simulate...

Originally conceived by R McMinn, emeritus professor of anatomy at the University London, Clinical Atlas Human Anatomy was revolutionary from outset. Seeking to take advantage recent technical advances in colour photography, McMinn utilised photographic expertise Ralph Hutchings, who that time working as a technician and chief medical laboratory officer Royal College Surgeons England. Together they produced first atlas human anatomy, using dissected cadaveric specimens obtained mainly...

Turbulent plasmas in space, laboratory experiments, and astrophysical domains can often be described by weak turbulence theory, which characterized as a broad spectrum of incoherent interacting waves. We investigate fundamental nonlinear kinetic mechanism that explain the generation whistler waves homogeneous scattering short wavelength electrostatic lower-hybrid (LH) Two particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations with different mass ratios two dimensions (2D) were performed using ring ion velocity...

Abstract The ability to morph electrostatic plasma turbulence into electromagnetic has promising applications, including the possibility of actively influencing near‐Earth state, aka space weather. This dual (electrostatic/electromagnetic) nature is a fundamental property turbulence, which not been well explored but could explain many phenomena formation resonant cavity that can amplify energy. upcoming Space Measurement A Rocket‐Released Turbulence (SMART) mission designed understand...

Abstract Above the Sun’s luminous photosphere lies solar chromosphere, where temperature increases from below 4000 K to over 1 million K. Though physicists do not understand origin of these increases, they know it powers wind with enormous consequences for entire system. This report describes a set simulations and analytical theory showing that atmospheric flows originating in will frequently drive previously unidentified thermal plasma instability rapidly develops into turbulence. this...

The unprecedented high-resolution data from the Magnetospheric Multi-Scale (MMS) satellites is revealing physics of dipolarization fronts created in aftermath magnetic reconnection extraordinary detail. shows that contain structures on small spatial scales beyond scope fluid framework. A new kinetic analysis, applied to MMS here, predicts global plasma compression produces a unique particle distribution narrow boundary layer with separation electron and ion scale physics. Layer widths order...

Abstract Dipolarization fronts are typically observed with a density gradient of scale size comparable to an ion gyroradius, which naturally results in ambipolar electric field the direction gradient. Prevailing models ignore this field, separation and electron physics, consequent non‐Maxwellian plasma distributions strong spatial gradients velocity, all we investigate paper. We examine two dipolarization front events by Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (one low beta, one high beta),...

Abstract The Space Measurement of A Rocket‐released Turbulence mission will demonstrate the production and evolution turbulence in space environment via a cascade plasma physics processes. sounding rocket inject neutral barium atoms into upper ionosphere at high speed across magnetic field. photoionize, field confines them, leading to an ion ring distribution velocity that is unstable electrostatic lower hybrid waves. Nonlinear induced scattering waves produces electromagnetic magnetosonic...

A semi-analytic method is proposed to compute the produced plasma and emitted Cherenkov radiation from hypervelocity impacts on soda–lime glass for various projectiles impact velocities. First, Taylor–von Neumann–Sedov blast wave model, coupled with system of nonlinear Saha equations multispecies, strongly plasma, adopted estimate hydrodynamic profiles ionization state target material in early stage impact. Second, Frank–Tamm formula considered investigate onset energy. The present approach...

Abstract Releasing diffuse artificial clouds into the space environment using a rocket or spacecraft can modify natural plasma state. This uses itself as laboratory for studying phenomena that cannot be reproduced on ground. The Space Measurement of A Rocket‐released Turbulence (SMART) mission will inject beam barium neutral vapor ionosphere and perpendicular to Earth's magnetic field. Barium atoms photoionized, forming an ion ring distribution is unstable lower hybrid waves. Large amplitude...

We present the first results from a model that describes interaction of hypervelocity particle with spacecraft, which can result in electrical damage. Though meteoroid impact on spacecraft cause mechanical damage, will vaporization and ionization part forming plasma rapidly expands into surrounding vacuum. propose mechanism for generation an electromagnetic pulse by this plasma. This could be source anomalies number satellites. also process expansion. use to predict total charge generated,...

Ground based tests were performed at the Max-Planck-Institute fur Kernphysik Van de Graaff accelerator in Heidelberg, Germany to explore radiofrequency (RF) emission associated with hypervelocity particle impact induced plasma. Meteoroids and dust traveling between 11 72.8 km/s are constantly bombarding spacecraft while on orbit. These particles may cause electrical anomalies satellites through electromagnetic pulse (EMP) or electrostatic discharge (ESD). conducted by firing iron speeds...

Abstract Intense heating in the quiet-Sun chromosphere raises temperature from 4000 to 6500 K but, despite decades of study, underlying mechanism remains a mystery. This study continues explore possibility that Farley–Buneman instability contributes chromospheric heating. occurs weakly ionized collisional plasmas which electrons are magnetized, but ions not. A mixture metal generate plasma density coolest parts chromosphere; while some others demagnetized by neutral collisions. paper...

Development and stability of heavy ion ring beams created by high speed neutral atom injection in the Earth's ionosphere is analyzed view upcoming space measurement a rocket-released turbulence (SMART) mission. It found that due to velocity dispersion injected atoms, an ensemble will be formed at given location upon photoionization. Associated with multiple-ion beams, various beam lower-hybrid (LH) waves develop. Wave analysis indicates energy extracted through double resonances LH modes...

In weakly ionized plasmas neutral flows drag plasma across magnetic field lines generating intense electric fields and currents. An example occurs in the Earth's ionosphere near geomagnetic equator. Similar processes take place Solar chromosphere magnetohydrodynamic generators. This paper argues that not all convective generate currents it introduces corresponding universal criterion for their formation, ∇×(U×B)≠∂B/∂t, where U is flow velocity, B field, t time. does depend on conductivity...

Abstract Incoherent scatter radars (ISR) rely on Thomson scattering of very high frequency or ultrahigh radio waves off electrons in the ionosphere and measure backscattered power spectra order to estimate altitude profiles plasma density, electron temperature, ion drift speed. These result from collective behavior coupled dynamics, and, for most cases, existing theories predict these well. However, when radar points nearly perpendicular Earth's magnetic field, motion across field lines...