The production of nitric oxide (NO) in the stratosphere during each solar proton events November 1960, September 1966, and August 1972 is calculated to have been comparable or larger than total average annual NO by action galactic cosmic rays. It therefore very important consider effect on temporal spatial distribution ozone stratosphere. A study after such may be particularly for validating photochemical-diffusion models.

A temporally and spatially comprehensive depiction of the tropical tropopause is presented, based on radiosonde data from 83 stations. Climatological statistics for 1961–1990 are computed three levels: conventional lapse‐rate (LRT), cold‐point (CPT), 100 hPa level. Mean values seasonal interannual variations temperature, pressure, height, potential water vapor saturation mixing ratio at these levels compared. The higher, colder, lower pressure in Northern Hemisphere (NH) than Southern (SH)...

The record of globally averaged sea surface temperature (SST) over the past 130 years shows a highly significant correlation with envelope 11‐year cycle solar activity same period. This could be explained by variation in sun's total irradiance (the “constant”) that is phase solar‐cycle envelope, supporting and updating an earlier conclusion Eddy (1976) such variations have played major role climate change millennium. Measurements from spacecraft, rockets, balloons 25 provided evidence...

This paper examines the relevance to ionosphere of a certain plasma instability mechanism previously discussed by several authors. A linearized analysis is given that differs from earlier treatments in respects and more directly applicable than laboratory plasmas. It found dynamo region likely be unstable against growth irregularities electron concentration with scale sizes range few tens meters kilometers, presence steady electric fields comparable those expected present tidal action....

The tropical lower stratosphere is an important region of the atmosphere, where strong convective activity in underlying troposphere affects both its chemical and dynamical properties. Temperatures near tropopause influence input water vapor from act as indicator properties region. This paper addresses long‐term trends temperature stratosphere. Correlations with recent changes stratospheric are also noted. Special attention given to convectively active western Pacific Ocean, sea surface...

The existence of an annual variation in height and temperature the tropopause over tropical regions has long been recognized, but not fully explained. In this paper it is proposed that a fairly direct response to average surface insolation. insolation causes corresponding cycle sea with total range order 1 K. consequent absolute humidity turn produces upper tropospheric potential temperatures, hence tropopause. physical link between provided by convection cores giant cumulonimbus clouds (hot...

As a result of the IGY riometer program, it has been found that measurement ionospheric absorption in arctic regions is sensitive method detecting low-energy cosmic rays associated with solar flares. The normal morphology these events described, and details are given 24 such have detected period from May 1957 through July 1959. Two features noted: an apparent asymmetry distribution cosmic-ray-producing flares across disk; pronounced degree uniformity radio-wave over terrestrial polar cap....

Atmospheric lifetimes are evaluated for the fully fluorinated compounds CF 4 , C 2 F 6 c ‐C 8 14 and SF using a two‐dimensional transport chemistry model which includes removal by electrons ions in mesosphere lower thermosphere. Laboratory measurements of pertinent reaction rates were carried out at thermal energy free atmospheric O + − NO H 3 CO . reduces from about 3200 years to 1400 800 years, respectively, only if respective product anions do not subsequently regenerate parent neutral...

Radiosonde data obtained over the past 30 years from nine tropical stations have been analyzed to investigate variability in height of tropopause on interannual time scales and hemispheric spatial scales. A high degree coherence was found exist among stations, indicating that responds large‐scale driving forces as well local influences. The a significant dependence phase quasi‐biennial oscillation zonal winds stratosphere sea surface temperature anomalies Pacific Ocean (the El Nino/Southern...

The solar proton event of July 13, 1982 was the largest to date in current cycle. Proton fluxes observed by NOAA‐6 satellite have been used calculate ionization rates during event, which found be almost as large those August, 1972 near 70 km, but much smaller at lower altitudes. This leads production odd hydrogen radicals (H+OH+HO 2 ) catalytically destroy oxygen mesosphere and stratosphere. A one‐dimensional time‐dependent model has percentage change ozone resulting from this event....

The annual cycles in height and temperature of the tropopause over tropical western Pacific island Truk (7.5°N, 151.8°E) are derived for period 1980–1988 from daily radiosonde profiles. Earlier work has shown that properties fairly uniform large areas tropics, so conclusions drawn observations can be taken as representative warm pool region, applied with caution to wider regions tropics. relative roles convection extratropical wave driving determining discussed, it is suggested chief role...

Rocket measurements of electron density profiles in the vicinity high‐latitude summer mesopause have frequently shown existence a sharply bounded layer thickness ∼1 km which is depleted by as much an order magnitude below value that would be inferred from densities above and below. The most plausible explanation these “bite‐outs” they are caused scavenging electrons small ice particles exist cold environment polar related to those responsible for noctilucent mesospheric clouds. This...

The process whereby magnetic flux is removed from the day side region of magnetosphere and transferred to magnetotail has been referred as ‘erosion’ magnetosphere. Observations have suggested that occurrence this erosion related increases in southward component interplanetary field hence by inference rate line reconnection at magnetopause. Similarly, inverse (i.e., net transfer magnetosphere) associated with decreases magnetopause rate. A quantitative theory (and its inverse) developed here...

Recent satellite observations have shown the existence of a persistent layer light-scattering particles in vicinity polar mesopause during summer. The suggestion has been made that this consists ice particles, and noctilucent clouds are sporadic manifestation near its low-latitude edge. consequences proposal terms water vapor content mesosphere explored paper through development model for such cloud, which mixing ratio is assumed to be 1 10 ppm at 60 km, temperature drop values well below...