The running ability of Tyrannosaurus rex has been intensively studied due to its relevance interpretations feeding behaviour and the biomechanics scaling in giant predatory dinosaurs. Different studies using differing methodologies have produced a very wide range top speed estimates there is therefore need develop techniques that can improve these predictions. Here we present new approach combines two separate biomechanical (multibody dynamic analysis skeletal stress analysis) demonstrate...

A reversion to secondary quadrupedality is exceptionally rare in nature, yet the convergent re-evolution of this locomotor style occurred at least four separate times within Dinosauria. Facultative quadrupedality, an intermediate state between obligate bipedality and may have been important transitional step shift, proposed for a range basal ornithischians sauropodomorphs. Advances virtual biomechanical modeling simulation allowed investigation limb anatomy function extinct dinosaurian...

Ankylosaurs, dinosaurs possessing extensive body armor, were significant components of terrestrial ecosystems from the Middle Jurassic–latest Cretaceous. They diversified during Early Cretaceous, becoming globally widespread. The Lower Cretaceous Wealden Supergroup (Berriasian–Aptian) Britain has produced abundant ankylosaur material, with three currently recognized taxa: Hylaeosaurus armatus (Grinstead Clay Formation, West Sussex); Polacanthus foxii (Wessex Isle Wight); and Horshamosaurus...

The Wealden Group of southern England was deposited by rivers, on floodplains and in lagoons during the Early Cretaceous. Two historically significant ankylosaurs, Polacanthus Hylaeosaurus, are currently known from its deposits; Hylaeosaurus 'lower fauna' 'upper fauna'. Here, we describe a new genus species ankylosaur Wessex Formation Isle Wight, which is characterized numerous postcranial autapomorphies. Vectipelta barretti gen. et sp. nov. 6–8 million years older than Polacanthus, at least...

Dinosaurs are a source of enormous public interest and as such useful for fostering greater in basic science technology. With the increasing popularity dinosaur films that claim to portray realistic behaviour, one question is regularly posed palaeontologists answer how we know our reconstructions accurate. Dinosaur locomotion no exception this line questioning technique estimating dinosaurs may have moved multibody dynamic simulation (MBDA) high biofidelity musculoskeletal computer models....

Ankylosaurs are a characteristic group of dinosaurs recognized by their extensive coverings dermal bony armour, known as osteoderms, across bodies. The Oxford Clay Formation (Callovian–Oxfordian, Middle Jurassic) in the UK is important for understanding early ankylosaur evolution it contains some earliest material, including cranial osteoderm from basal-most Sarcolestes (and probable postcranial osteoderms). Here, we describe an isolated Peterborough that exhibits different morphology to...

Ankylosaurs (Dinosauria, Ankylosauria) have been known from the Lower Cretaceous English Wealden for over 170 years. Three ankylosaurian species are currently recognised: Hylaeosaurus armatus and Polacanthus rudgwickensis Sub-basin of Sussex, foxii both Wessex Isle Wight Sub-basin. Within recent years all interpreted as close relatives within clade Polacanthidae or Polacanthinae, monophyly which is controversial. Most views polacanthines a whole based on substantially better remains North...

Ankylosaurs (Dinosauria, Ankylosauria) have been known from the Lower Cretaceous English Wealden for over 170 years. Three ankylosaurian species are currently recognised: Hylaeosaurus armatus and Polacanthus rudgwickensis Sub-basin of Sussex, foxii both Wessex Isle Wight Sub-basin. Within recent years all interpreted as close relatives within clade Polacanthidae or Polacanthinae, monophyly which is controversial. Most views polacanthines a whole based on substantially better remains North...

Dinosaurs are a source of enormous public interest and as such useful for fostering greater in basic science technology. With the increasing popularity dinosaur films that claim to portray realistic behaviour, one question is regularly posed palaeontologists answer how we know our reconstructions accurate. Dinosaur locomotion no exception this line questioning technique estimating dinosaurs may have moved multibody dynamic simulation (MBDA) high biofidelity musculoskeletal computer models....

Ankylosaur remains are frequently recovered from the Lower Cretaceous Wealden deposits of Isle Wight, although vast majority these fossils represent postcranial elements and osteoderms. The rarity ankylosaur cranial material means any new specimens important for understanding morphology, palaeoecology evolution taxa. Here we describe a well-preserved partial cranium with associated Wessex Formation at Compton Bay. This is most complete skull ever Sub-basin now held Dinosaur Museum (DI),...

Ankylosaur remains are frequently recovered from the Lower Cretaceous Wealden deposits of Isle Wight, although vast majority these fossils represent postcranial elements and osteoderms. The rarity ankylosaur cranial material means any new specimens important for understanding morphology, palaeoecology evolution taxa. Here we describe a well-preserved partial cranium with associated Wessex Formation at Compton Bay. This is most complete skull ever Sub-basin now held Dinosaur Museum (DI),...