Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc. is the major green canopy species in mountainous area of Korea. To assess response resin acid biosynthetic genes to mechanical and chemical stimuli, we cloned cDNAs encoding enzymes involved 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway (1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (PdDXS), 1-deoxy-d-xylulose reductoisomerase (PdDXR) 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase (PdHDR)) by rapid amplification cDNA ends (RACE) technique. In...

In recent years, buck-boost converters have been widely utilized for battery-powered mobile systems such as RF power amplifiers, battery chargers, and LED drivers. However, in a wide voltage range, they face challenges including dynamic scaling (DVS), load current line/load transients while ensuring reliability an industrial usage. To resolve these issues, the conventional (CBB) converter should overcome characteristic of discontinuity output transfer (OTC) which causes degradation loop...

Envelope tracking (ET) has become essential technology to save power consumption of RF amplifiers (PAs) in mobile handsets. 5G NR standard continuously increases their maximum channel bandwidth (CH BW) for intra-band contiguous carrier aggregation (CA) improve data rate. 3GPP TS 38.101 (Release 16) introduces aggregated BW cases 200MHz (CA_n77C, CA_n78C, CA_n79C), 300M Hz (CA_n77D, CA_n78D, CA_n79D) and even 320M (CA_n46E) [1]. However, the CH BWs that can be supported by conventional analog...

This paper proposes an oppositely coupled varactor pair and reports the measured results for applying to a test digitally controlled oscillator (DCO). The exploits differences between accumulation region capacitance inversion of pMOS varactors. novel pairs provide much smaller switchable capacitances than those other approaches, hence, DCO verifying property achieves high-frequency resolution. are implemented in 0.18-μm CMOS process. discrete 32 aF is obtained by using pairs, has frequency...

Envelope tracking (ET) is a key technology improving efficiency of RF power amplifiers (PAs) and battery lifetime in mobile handsets. It has been commercialized since 4G LTE era, also being employed 5G NR A supply modulator (SM) circuit generating supplies PAs for ET average (APT) operations. Currently, the maximum channel BW supported handset 100MHz [1-4]. In short time, over will be necessary to support intra-band contiguous carrier aggregation cases n77C/n78C/n79C 3GPP standard [5]. The...

Most single-phase brushless DC (BLDC) motors have unequal air gaps to eliminate the dead point where developed torque value is zero. These deteriorate motor characteristics in cogging torque. Thus this paper a new topology of proposed solve problem. As result, it proved by finite element analysis and experimental results that gap very effective reducing

Abstract I show the ratio of short‐term moving average to long‐term ( , MAR) has significant predictive power for future returns. The MAR combined with nearness 52‐week high explains most intermediate‐term momentum profits. This suggests that an anchoring bias, in which investors use averages or as reference points estimating fundamental values, is primary source effects. Momentum caused by bias do not disappear long‐run even when there are return reversals, confirming and reversals separate...

The optimization of the design variables a single-sided linear induction motor (SLIM) using finite-element method (FEM) and sequential unconstrained minimization technique (SUMT) is presented. Thrust taken as an objective function in order to maximize thrust under constant current drive, seven independent nine constraints are chosen. As result, pole pitch/airgap pitch/aluminum depth for best determined. increased by 30% 12 A, so that input can be reduced 10.5 A necessary starting because...

As depressive symptom is considered a prodrome, risk factor for progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia, improving symptoms should be clinical priority in patients with MCI undergoing transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) intervention. We aimed comprehensively evaluate the efficacy of home-based and remotely monitored tDCS both depression, by integrating cognitive, psychological, electrophysiological indicators. In 6-week, randomized, double blind,...

This article presents a two-chip supply modulation architecture for efficient RF power amplification using fully switched-mode modulator (SM) and linear-assisted hybrid SM to support simultaneous transmission on long-term evolution (LTE) 5G bands. The designed consists of fast switching buck converter slow converter, it achieves 88.2% peak efficiency low receiver (RX) band noise −140 dBm/Hz at the output. tracks envelope LTE 5-/10-/20-MHz signals with average frequencies 50/70/120 MHz,...

The harmonics in electromagnetic force are a source of mechanical vibration and audible noise an asynchronous traction motor. This paper describes approach to reduce the by changing rotor slot number. Both radial tangential forces acting on stator teeth calculated Maxwell stress tensor their time examined discrete Fourier decomposition. As result, optimal number or eliminate specific is determined.

The audible noise emitted by a three-phase squirrel cage induction motor fed inverter is determined the electromagnetic and mechanical behavior of component drive. electromagnetically produced motors already studied some authors[1],[2].

In this paper, single-sided linear induction motors (LIM) for magnetically levitated vehicle (MAGLEV) are analyzed according to the secondary structure. The structure is redesigned improve performance of MAGLEV. Finite element method used in order calculate thrust, normal force and electrical LIMs.

A linear induction motor (LIM) with a cage-type secondary has contact resistances between side-bars and conductors due to its own manufacturing process of welding. The finite-element analysis considering the equivalent circuit winding is carried out present effect resistance in LIM. As result, thrust, normal force, primary phase current, conductor currents are analyzed for various resistances.

This paper describes the effect of eddy currents generated in rotor steel shell an exterior-rotor type permanent magnet brushless DC motor which is revolving at a high speed. A two dimensional time-stepped finite element method used to analyze electromagnetic field and compute performance. The conductivity modified consider transverse edge effect. As result, shown by comparing analysis results between when proposed it not.

A new method for the optimal design of a single-sided linear induction motor (SLIM) is presented. The utilizes neural network and finite element optimizing parameters SLIM. analysis used to produce variety training data by sequential unconstrained minimization technique. As result, it shown that novel very efficient accurate as an optimization

Attracting ferromagnetic forces between magnet and reaction rail provide the supporting force in Electromagnetic Suspension. Miniature maglev using permanent magnets electromagnets is based on idea to generate nominal magnetic by superimpose variable field required for stabilization currents flowing through control windings electromagnets. Permanent with a high energy density have lower power losses regard weight. So advantage of partially reduced feed remaining onboard supply system so that...

소나무재선충은 현재까지 도입된 국가의 토착수종인 소나무류를 모두 치사시키는 것으로 알려져 있으나, 고사목으로부터 추출 배양된 계통 중에는 소나무에 피해를 주지 않는 계통이 존재한다. 이러한 저병원성 선충의 사전접종이 고병원성 소나무재선충에 대한 소나무의 저항성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 연구가 수행되었다. 치수에 소나무재선충을 선접종한 결과, 선접종에 의하여 저항력이 유도되었다. 그 유도저항성은 1년 후까지 유지되었으며, 반복 감염은 보다 저항성 유도 효과가 큰 나타났다. 고사한 후 경과기간이 3개월 이하인 피해목 및 피해진행목에서 분리된 선충은 고병원성이었으며, 고사 2-3년이 경과한 벌채목에서 선충 5계통 중 4계통은 저병원성이었다. 선충이 소나무 인공접종 되었을 때 초기 정착률은 선충과 차이가 없었으나, 접종 30일 후에 수목내의 부위별 개체수를 조사한바 증식률은 고병원성보다 현저히 낮았다. 잿빛곰팡이병 균사배지에서의 선충증식 속도는 계통에 따라 있었으며,...

This paper discusses the phenomena of axially nonuniform distribution magnetic flux densities and losses in a three-phase squirrel cage induction motor which rotor bars are skewed. A 2-D complex finite element method, taking account effects skewed bars, is utilized for analysis characteristics such as copper iron loss distributions examined. The summing up values resulted from compared with measurements.

The real brushless DC motor has different permanent magnet pole magnetization levels due to the influence of magnetizer geometry. Therefore, this paper discusses change in magnetic parameter on performances. As a result, unbalanced force acting rotor, cogging torque and ripple are examined for spindle with unsymmetric distribution.

This paper presents a new method to analyze forward converter. A high frequency transformer is coupled with the converter electric circuit and then finite element analysis considering hysteresis phenomenon of magnetic core carried out when primary or reset winding conducts current. The analytical used reduce computation time turns off. As result, simulation results show good agreement experimental ones.