Taste buds contain ∼60 elongate cells and several basal cells. Elongate comprise three functional taste cell types: I, glial cells; II, bitter/sweet/umami receptor III, sour detectors. Although are continuously renewed, lineage relationships among types ill-defined. Basal have been proposed as bud stem cells, a subset of which express Sonic hedgehog (Shh). However, Shh+ turn over rapidly suggesting that post-mitotic precursors some or all types.To fate map Shh-expressing mice carrying...

Decreased masticatory demands due to liquid or soft diets cause a reduction in the growth of craniofacial bones and development feeding musculature, but effects on function jaw/tongue muscle activities are unclear. The present study was undertaken test hypotheses that diet after weaning affects critical-period programming mastication motor performances jaw tongue muscles. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into two equals groups at fed either solid (solid-diet group) (liquid-diet until...

The integrated responses to gustatory stimuli applied the soft palate were recorded from greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSP) and compared with those chorda tympani (CT) innervating anterior part of tongue in rat. Stimuli included various concentrations NaCl, sucrose, HCl quinine hydrochloride, 0.5 M six sugars. inhibitory effects amiloride on sodium salts, including concentration 0.1 acetate 0.01 saccharin, also tested. Both phasic tonic sugars GSP significantly larger than CT, whereas...

We report that the Japanese sea catfish Plotosus japonicus senses local pH-associated increases in H(+)/CO2 equating to a decrease of ≤0.1 pH unit ambient seawater. demonstrated these sensors, located on external body fish, detect undamaged cryptic respiring prey, such as polychaete worms. Sensitivity is maximal at natural seawater (pH 8.1 8.2) and decreases dramatically with <8.0.

The response properties of taste receptors distributed on the soft palate hamster were studied by recording integrated responses from greater superficial petrosal (GSP) nerve Stimuli concentration series sucrose, NaCl, HCl and quinine hydrochloride (QHCl), several other 0.1 M salts 0.5 sugars. For comparison, recorded chorda tympani (CT) in many same animals which recordings made GSP. Responses each preparation scaled relative to phasic NaCl then expressed for as a proportion total magnitude...

Abstract Although embryonic expression of Shh in the fungiform papilla placodes has a critical role patterning, it remains unclear whether its appearance indicates differentiation basal cells taste buds. To examine development cells, , Prox1 and Mash1 was determined anterior tongue soft palate mouse embryos by situ hybridization. In tongue, coexpressed with from beginning at E12.5. expressed band‐like pattern anteriormost region punctate posterior E14.5. The number (21.4 ± 4.3, E14.5)...

To clarify the regional differences in expression and functional significance of Gα-gustducin soft palate (SP) fungiform (FF) taste buds, we examined coexpression with receptors impact knockout (gKO) on neural responses to several sweet bitter compounds. Sweet from both greater superficial petrosal (GSP) chorda tympani (CT) nerves gKO mice were markedly depleted, reflecting overlapping Tas1r2. However, although was expressed 87% 88% Tas2rs cells SP FF, respectively, there no statistically...

Norovirus is an emerging pathogen that causes gastroenteritis outbreaks. Here, we reported adult female case of norovirus-related encephalitis/encephalopathy (NvREE) with abnormal behaviour, apathy, motor aphasia, bradykinesia and gait disturbance. We treated the patient intravenous methyl-prednisolone pulse therapy she recovered quickly. There were slight signals in cortex opercular part insula on MRI fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) image, generalised slow wave as a background...

Gurmarin (10 microg/ml), a protein extracted from Gymnema sylvestre, depressed significantly (40-50%) the phasic taste responses to sugars (sucrose, fructose, lactose, and maltose) saccharin sodium recorded greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSP) innervating palatal buds in rat. However, no significant effect of gurmarin was observed for NaCl, HCl, quinine hydrochloride. Phasic D-amino acids that sweet humans (His, Asn, Phe, Gln) were also depressed, but treatment without on D-Trp D-Ala,...

To clarify developmental changes in the gustatory system of rat, integrated taste responses from chorda tympani (CT) nerve were recorded and analyzed at different postnatal ages. The response magnitude was calculated relative to standard, 0.1 M NH4Cl. Even 1 week age, CT responded well all tested chloride salts (NH4Cl, NaCl, LiCl, KCl, RbCl CsCl). NaCl LiCl increased with increasing age rat while magnitudes CsCl did not change up 8 weeks. At week, pattern quite similar that adult rats for...

We have earlier shown that the taste-bud-bearing fungiform papillae form a stable pattern on tongue of rats. In this study effect removal in rats was investigated. The 10 × 5-mm area one side were removed after mapping both sides under an operating microscope. Serial sections five rat tongues within 1 day biopsy showed all but papilla gone. After 4, 6 and 12 months average seven with taste-buds found operated area, compared to 20, 26 23 controls. Comparison maps before these periods had not...

For a further understanding of the gustatory function greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSP), effects bilateral sectioning GSP and/or chorda tympani nerves (CT) in hamsters on discriminating sucrose taste were examined through conditioned aversion paradigm. Licking pattern was monitored experimental and sham control male hamsters. Once animal to avoid 0.1 M solution by i.p. injection 0.5 LiCl, avoided lick at higher concentration above 0.01 M. The degree significantly decreased when CT...