A photograph obtained in a Wilson cloud chamber, operated magnetic field, shows the following unusual event: positive particle, produced an interaction above decays flight into particle less massive than $K$ meson. Four other lightly ionizing particles also originate from decay point; these appear form of two small-angle pairs, each pair consisting one and negative particle. The observed momenta ionizations are consistent with three four being either electrons or mesons; fourth must be...

A simple `flip-flop' circuit has been used to reverse the voltage of a Geiger counter after each discharge, in order reduce insensitive time by collecting positive ions on wire. The new is 3 × 10-5 sec. tested measuring inefficiency with new, fast hard-valve anti-coincidence circuit.

.In this paper we present a framework for the construction and implementation of general virtual element spaces based on projections built from constrained least squares problems. Building triples used finite spaces, introduce concept method (VEM) tuple which encodes necessary building blocks to construct these projections. Using approach, wide range can be defined. We discuss \(H^k\)-conforming \(k=1,2\) as well divergence curl free spaces. This has advantage being easily integrated into...

Abstract A technique is described for controlling a Wilson cloud chamber by an internal counter whose cathode consists of hexagonal array rods and sensitive volume not separated from the main any wall in fact forms part usable volume. The has no stopping power beyond that gas unless incident particle chances to hit one rods. Events which heavily ionizing particles are produced events low energy traverse can thus be photographed. Discrimination between single fast or high ionization made at...

We present a class of nonconforming virtual element methods for general fourth-order partial differential equations in two dimensions. develop generic approach constructing the necessary projection operators and spaces. Optimal error estimates energy norm are provided linear problems with varying coefficients. also discuss perturbation novel scheme which is uniformly convergent respect to parameter without requiring an enlargement space. Numerical tests carried out verify theoretical...

Extensive air showers have been recorded at sea level over a period of nine months. The data show fairly good correlation between the shower rate and temperature about one cascade unit above apparatus, e.g. 950 mb. level. A coefficient -(0.38±0.11)% per °C. this is indicated. This may be explained by dependence lateral spread an extensive on density.

γ, the exponent of density spectrum extensive air showers, is found to increase from 1.445 ± 0.014 at sea level 1.549 0.018 26 000 ft. The values quoted are mean for range 50-500 particles per square metre. considerably less than that predicted by cascade theory on primary electron hypothesis. It suggested discrepancy may be explained formation secondary showers in a nucleon process.

The altitude variations of local penetrating showers and extensive have been studied between sea level 33 500 ft.

The rate of subcores in cosmic-ray air showers has been measured near sea level with a close-packed 35-${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ array spark chambers at Leeds. Auxiliary experiments demonstrate that our transition effects are negligible. versus shower size is translated into the high-${p}_{T}$ events energy interacting hadron. Comparison calculations Halzen favors ${{p}_{T}}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ over ${{p}_{T}}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ scaling. highest bin centered on 350 TeV.

Extensive penetrating showers observed under a transition layer of lead 10 cm thick are approximately 300 times more frequent at 30 000 ft. than sea level. A tentative analysis their altitude variation suggests that the mean attenuation length in air N-component extensive is order 200 g/cm2. It shown fraction particles which same as

Abstract In this paper we develop a fully nonconforming virtual element method of arbitrary approximation order for the two dimensional Cahn–Hilliard equation. We carry out error analysis semidiscrete (continuous-in-time) scheme and verify theoretical convergence result via numerical experiments. present discrete which uses convex splitting Runge–Kutta to discretize in temporal variable alongside spatial discretization.

In this paper we develop a $C^0$-conforming virtual element method (VEM) for class of second-order quasilinear elliptic PDEs in two dimensions. We present posteriori error analysis problem and derive residual based estimator. The estimator is fully computable prove upper lower bounds the which are explicit local mesh size. use to drive an adaptive refinement algorithm. A handful numerical test problems carried out study performance proposed indicator.

The rate of subcores in cosmic-ray air showers has been measured near sea level with a close-packed 35 m2 array spark chambers. A large transition effect was observed from wood beams the original roof. After first year, chambers were affixed directly to new styrofoam sandwich roof thickness 20 cm (2.2 g cm-2) order minimise effects. is 0.038+or-0.01 per shower size N>or=105 particles for n25>or=50, where n25 net number subcore within circle radius 25 cm. dependence on subscore goes...

Abstract