The induced electrorheological solid has thick columns in the field direction (z axis), spreading between two electrodes. ground state is proposed to be a body-centered tetragonal lattice with ${\mathbf{a}}_{1}$= \ensuremath{\surd}6 ax^, ${\mathbf{a}}_{2}$= ay^, and ${\mathbf{a}}_{3}$=2az^, where radius of dielectric spheres. This bct can regarded as compound chains class A B, B are obtained from by shifting distance z direction.

The electric-field-induced structures of small glass spheres in silicone oil produce laser diffraction patterns which verify, for the first time, body-centered-tetragonal lattice structure predicted by theory. By a mechanism totally unlike that conventional x-ray scattering, incident beam propagates through close-packed via stable optic modes along regular arrays transparent spheres, and then produces after exiting from lattice.

The yield stress of magnetorheological (MR) fluids depends on the induced solid structure. Since thick columns have a much higher than single-chain structure, we improve MR by changing fluid microstructure. Immediately after magnetic field is applied, compress along direction. Scanning electron microscopy images show that particle chains are pushed together to form columns. shear force measured compression shows structure-enhanced static can reach as high 800 kPa under moderate field, while...

A method with pulsed electric or magnetic field to reduce the viscosity of crude oil is developed. Specifically, for paraffin-base oil, a pulse can effectively its several hours, while, asphalt-base mixed-base an do same. The does not change temperature oil; instead, it temporary aggregates paraffin particles asphaltene inside into large ones. This particle aggregation changes rheological property and leads reduction. While this reduction permanent, suitable many important applications, such...

It is shown how the correlation energy of a system two-dimensional electrons in strong magnetic field may be enhanced if are regular array Landau orbitals. This gives an gap proportion $\ensuremath{\nu}$ occupied orbitals simple fraction without giving rise to charge-density waves which pin system. The determined self-consistently. Such state can give plateaus Hall conductance observed at fractional multiples $\frac{{e}^{2}}{h}$.

Sr2IrO4 was predicted to be a high temperature superconductor upon electron doping since it highly resembles the cuprates in crystal structure, electronic structure and magnetic coupling constants. Here we report scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) study of with surface by depositing potassium (K) atoms. At 0.5-0.7 monolayer (ML) K coverage, observed sharp, V-shaped gap about 95% loss density state (DOS) at EFand visible coherence peaks. The magnitude is 25-30 meV for...

Magnetorheological (MR) fluids, which can rapidly be changed from a liquid state to solid and vice versa by magnetic field, have the potential revolutionize several industrial sectors. The key issue is enhance their yield shear stress. This paper reviews physical mechanism microstructure of MR fluids. It finds that weak points under force are at chains' ends. Hence, general technique, compression-assisted-aggregation process, developed change induced structure consists robust thick columns...

The temporal evolution of three-dimensional structure in an electrorheological (ER) fluid is examined by a computer simulation. A parameter B characterizing the ratio Brownian force to dipolar introduced. For wide range B, ER has rapid chain formation followed aggregation chains into thick columns which body-centered tetragonal lattice structure. Peierls-Landau instability single help columns. If very small, system may be trapped some local energy-minimum state.

It is shown that gauge-invariance arguments imply the possibility of fractional quantum Hall effect; conductance accurately quantized to a rational value. The ground state system showing effect must be degenerate; nondegenerate can only produce integral effect.

Blood viscosity is a major factor in heart disease. When blood increases, it damages vessels and increases the risk of attacks. Currently, only method treatment to take drugs such as aspirin, which has, however, several unwanted side effects. Here we report our finding that can be reduced with magnetic fields 1 T or above flow direction. One field pulse 1.3 lasting ~1 min reduce by 20%-30%. After exposure, absence field, slowly moves up, but takes couple hours return original value. The...

Significance Chocolate is one of the most popular food types and flavors in world. Unfortunately, at present, chocolate products contain too much fat, leading to obesity. Although this issue was called into attention decades ago, no actual solution found. To bypass critical outstanding problem, two manufacturers introduced some low-calorie fats substitute for cocoa butter. Somehow, their are forbidden countries. Here we show that, by applying an electric field liquid flow direction,...

To implement high-speed and smooth start-up process of large-thrust heavy-load cylinders, a mathematical model based on the Van der Waals equation has been established compared with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results. The influence pipe diameter load mass characteristics is analyzed. results CFD are consistent maximum error occurs in gas flow at congested state. average rate two models this state 8.161kg/s 8.536kg/s respectively, an 4.4%. larger tube process, greater...

We use Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the ground state of electrorheological (ER) fluids in a strong electric field. Our results suggest body-centered tetragonal (bct) lattice with conventional Bravais vectors ${\mathbf{a}}_{1}$= \ensuremath{\surd}6 ax^, ${\mathbf{a}}_{2}$= ay^, and ${\mathbf{a}}_{3}$=2az^ where is radius dielectric spheres z axis direction applied This bct can be regarded as compound chains class A B are obtained from by shifting distance direction. For typical ER...

We discuss the periodic boundary condition, degeneracy of ground state, impurity effect, and topological invariant in quantum Hall effect. If a two-dimensional electron system with uniform background is confined on toroidal geometry, state q-fold degenerate at filling factor \ensuremath{\nu}=p/q when there an energy gap \ensuremath{\Delta}. Weak impurities make quasi- degenerate. driving force current has some low but finite speed, or applied electric field frequency \ensuremath{\omega}...

We present a description of electrorheological fluids in terms an electric field induced phase transition at critical Ec. Theoretically, we find that as the applied exceeds Ec, osmotic pressure becomes negative and liquid experiences to solid phase. Ec is experimentally determined function concentration one system. Our theoretically predicted diagram reasonable agreement with our experimental data.

Extensive computer simulations were carried out to examine the structures of electrorheological (ER) fluids. In a weak electric field, ER fluids move from liquid state nematic-liquid-crystal that has ordering only in field direction. If is strong and thermal fluctuations are or moderate, develop into body-centered-tetragonal lattice. A very with no may force polycrystalline structure. When both fluctuation strong, glasslike state, which particles aggregate together form thick columns, but...

We study an electrorheological fluid consisting of spherical dielectric particles in a liquid low constant. At fixed temperature, there are two critical electric fields ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}2}$${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}1}$. When the applied field E${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}2}$, system is with no long-range order. ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}2}$E${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}1}$, form chains between electrodes, but distribution these random. This state similar to induced nematic crystal. As E...

The Laplace equation for an infinite chain of dielectric particles in electrorheological fluid is solved with the finite-element analysis (FEA) method. FEA results reveal that dipole model gives a good approximation calculating energy, even if neighbor are very close and mismatch moderate. However, underestimates pair attractive force when or near contact. On other hand, conductor two contact big. Otherwise, overestimates force. A formula to calculate neighbor-pair whole range proposed....

Improving engine efficiency and reducing pollutant emissions are extremely important. Here, we report our fuel injection technology based on the new physics principle that proper application of electrorheology can reduce viscosity petroleum fuels. A small device is thus introduced just before for engine, producing a strong electric field to viscosity, resulting in much smaller droplets atomization. Because combustion starts at droplet surface, lead cleaner more efficient combustion. Both...