The high mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 largely complicates our control the pandemic. In particular, it is currently unclear why spike ( S ) gene has an extraordinarily among all genes. By analyzing occurrence fixed synonymous mutations between and RaTG13, profiling DAF (derived allele frequency) polymorphic sites millions worldwide strains, we found that both show higher rates in than other majority are C-to-T, representing APOBEC-mediated C-to-U deamination instead previously proposed A-to-I...

To adapt to human host environment, synonymous mutations in SARS-CoV-2 are shaped by tRNA selection, energy cost and RNA structure.

Calamus is the largest genus in palm family (Arecaceae) and contains many species of high ecological economical value. In this study, we assessed nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), matK, rbcL, trnH—psbA, as well two combinations, matK rbcL DNA barcodes for using 15 or varieties distributed China. ITS may exist multiple copies examined species, was eliminated from consideration a possible barcode. The trnH-psbA had most variation, followed by rbcL. No separations...

Evolutionary processes, speciation in woody bamboos are presently little understood. Here we used Dendrocalamus sinicus Chia & J.L. Sun as a model species to investigate dispersal or vicariance bamboos. Variation three chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) fragments and eight simple sequence repeat markers (SSR) among 232 individuals sampled from 18 populations across the known geographic range of D. was surveyed. exhibited high level genetic differentiation which divided them into two groups that...

Abstract Wood‐decay macrofungi play a vital role in forest ecosystems by promoting nutrient cycling and soil structure, their evolution is closely related to host plants. This study investigates the potential evolutionary adaptation of wood‐decay plants, focusing on whether these relationships differ between gymnosperms angiosperms. While previous research has suggested non‐random associations specific fungi plant deadwood, direct evidence been lacking. Our study, conducted subtropical...

Climate change will significantly affect the distribution area of species. Through establishing model, we can simulate current and future potential range provide reference for introduction cultivation planning rare or economic plants. Dendrocalamus sinicus , endemic to Yunnan Province China, is strongest woody bamboo in world. In present study, MaxEnt model was performed different types D. China neighboring countries regions. The results suggested that suitable “straight type”, main type...

Abstract Aim Understanding how species' traits and environmental contexts relate to extinction risk is a critical priority for ecology conservation biology. This study aims identify explore factors related between herbaceous woody angiosperms facilitate more effective management strategies understand the interactions threats traits. Location China. Taxon Angiosperms. Methods We obtained large dataset including five traits, six extrinsic variables, 796,118 occurrence records 14,888 Chinese...

Microsatellite primers were developed in the strongest and most economically important bamboo species, Dendrocalamus sinicus, to investigate its genetic variability.Using Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences COntaining Repeats (FIASCO) protocol, 16 polymorphic primer sets identified within 24 individuals from two geographic locations. The number alleles per locus ranged four, with a mean 2.6. observed expected heterozygosities varied 0 1.000 0.311 0.754, respectively. cross-amplification...

Plant-pollinator networks have been repeatedly reported as cumulative ones that are described with >1 years observations. However, such composed of pairwise interactions recorded at different periods, and thus may not be able to reflect the reality species in nature (e.g., early-flowering plants typically do compete for shared pollinators late-flowering plants, but they assumed so accumulated networks). Here, we examine monthly sampling structure an alpine plant-pollinator bipartite network...

Abstract Although the asymmetry of species linkage within ecological networks is now well recognized, its effect on communities has scarcely been empirically investigated. Based theory, we predicted that an asymmetric architecture antagonistic plant–herbivore would emerge at community level and this negatively affect community‐common plants more than rare ones. We tested prediction by analyzing architectural properties alpine plant pre‐dispersal seed‐predator network seed loss rate in...

Abstract The Apostichopus japonicus is a valuable aquaculture species in China. In this study, 51 single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) were identified from expressed sequence tags of sea cucumber using high‐resolution melting. average observed heterozygosity H o) and expected e) 0.2462 0.2897, respectively. Thirty‐two these loci used for estimating the genetic similarity variation between five hatchery stocks China two wild Japan. No significant differences o or e populations. pairwise F...

Abstract Background So far, little is known in detail about mating systems of woody bamboos. Paternity analysis offspring improved our understanding these systems, and contributed to their germplasm conservation genetic improvement. Results In this study, a paternity from two consecutive mass or sporadically flowering events Dendrocalamus membranaceus D. sinicus were conducted determine system pollen dispersal using the program COLONY based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Two...

It is important to describe lineages before they go extinct, as we can only protect what know. This especially in the case of microendemic species likely be relict populations, such Hynobius salamanders southern China. Here, unexpectedly sampled individuals Fujian province, China, and then worked on determining their taxonomic status. We bambusicolus sp. nov. based molecular morphological data. The lineage deeply divergent clusters with other Chinese concatenated mtDNA gene fragments (>1500...

Abstract Species abundance is vulnerable to climate change and anthropogenic impact. Although numerous studies have examined the food web response species loss, their (e.g. in network topology interaction frequency) changes has received little attention. We experimentally reduced (by c. 60%) of one host plant ( Saussurea nigrescens ) a tri‐trophic micro‐food consisting two common Asteraceae S. Anaphalis flavescens ), pre‐dispersal seed predators (tephritid flies) parasitoid wasps that feed...

Biodiversity and carbon storage are two key ecosystem functions that crucial to protect maintain balance. However, there is often little overlap between hotspots for these different conservation purposes. Additionally, it not well understood how spatial metrics affect in protected ecosystems China. Here, we explored the relationships plant diversity by using a large vascular distribution dataset, as soil fragile organic biomass datasets specific areas across We also defined priority...

Abstract Interspecific hybridization is common in plants under natural conditions, but the ecological mechanisms underlying when and how it happens have not fully been understood. Taraxacum calanthodium lugubre are two herbaceous annals co‐occurring alpine meadows of eastern Tibetan Plateau that share same pollinators including domestic honeybees during their overlapping flowering times. Because tend to visit flowers less discriminatively bee densities high, we hypothesized intense...

Many parasitoid wasps parasitize herbivorous insect larvae growing within plant organs (e.g., fruits and leaves). As it is hard to identify the host species directly, one approach deal with this issue by means of molecular analysis from puparia left after emerge. Unfortunately, current barcoding methods are either too expensive or inefficient for mass identification. Here, we present a protocol that comparatively inexpensive rapid. It includes two major modifications in process. One use...