The most dangerous natural risks to human societies are floods. Flood frequency and severity have increased in intensity due climate change over the past few decades. significant adverse impacts of floods observed agriculture sector, where cause damage standing crops, livestock, tube wells, storage other infrastructures disrupt mechanisms inputs output markets. present study is designed investigate 2022 South Punjab how farming communities responding flood by adopting various risk management...

In this work, the ability of B12N12 fullerene-like nanoclusters as a drug carrier for isoniazid anti-tuberculosis has been studied by DFT methods. Binding energies in both gas and water phases are reported. The formed bonds between B12N12-FLN Iso computed using QMAIM method. NPA is to obtain total charges transferred B12N12-FLN-Iso complexes, obtained values suggested that cluster may oxidize coordinated drug. charge-transfer energy also confirmed were from non-bonding lone-pair (n) N O...

This paper deals with the study of dust characteristics and its effect on performance street photovoltaic cells in Baghdad-Iraq. Sample accumulated surface solar panels at height 26 meters have been microscopy examined 100x magnification. The results show that, varies size, shape disruption. morphology particles has irregular forms, tends to be spherical not all them are completely opaque. VOC (group carbon-based chemicals that easily evaporate room temperature), which is most comes from...

Summary In this paper, a postdispersion compensation unit is proposed leading to better performance for the optical communication systems. This utilizes chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG). For enhanced of CFBG, proper apodization function chosen improve quality factor ( Q ‐factor) and bit error rate (BER) system. A 110‐km wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) link investigated. The system evaluated through its ‐factor, eye diagram, BER showing best when using Hamming function.

Abstract The backward Raman amplifier (RA) can considered as one of the best solutions for optical communication, especially in Wavelength Division Multiplexing technology. They reduce nonlinear effects, have low noise figure and a wide frequency range. work this paper aims to attenuation signal due its propagation fiber increase both gain output power. Two models are proposed. Proposal model consists two cascaded RAs other (proposal two) three RAs. Three pump power levels 200, 400, 600 mW...

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to simulate and analyze the spectral characteristics fiber Bragg grating (FBG) obtain narrow bandwidth minimization side lobes in reflectivity. Fiber has made a big revolution telecommunication systems. existence needed when an optical amplifier filter are used. They can be used as band reject or pass for devices. model equations cascaded uniform different apodization functions such as, Hamming apodized grating, Barthan Nuttal Sinc Proposed numerically...

Abstract The aim of this study is to present a proposed chromatic dispersion compensation model for single mode optical fiber. consists 4-stages cascaded identical linear chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) in post-compensation connection scheme. It based on differential phase shift keying modulation format. To evaluate the performance model, comparative conducted using offset quadrature technique. This includes four cases with and without CFBG. For system evaluation, 10 Gbps wavelength...

Abstract The apodization profiles improve chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) capability to compensate dispersion which enhances the performance of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems. In this paper, a new profile is proposed enhance and reduces power budget for WDM system. newly implemented CFBG as post compensator in system 100 km. It found transmitted at BER 10 −9 . evaluation compared with previously published work. Q-factor by 1.08%, decreases 52.8%, 4% than related

For the first time, interaction of Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and Chitosan (CH) with Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanotube was studied using density functional theory (DFT). The binding energies most stable configurations PLGA CH monomers absorbed on ZrO2 were calculated (DFT) methods. obtained results indicate that both chemisorbed surface ZrO2. between is stronger than due to its shorter equilibrium interval higher energy. In addition, electronic states (DOS) configuration computed...

Abstract In this paper, we propose a dispersion compensation model to minimize the chromatic enhance system performance. The proposed is based on applying duobinary modulation scheme 4-stages of cascaded identical apodized uniform fiber Bragg grating. Different apodization functions are tested determine one that provides best connected in three different connection schemes: pre, post and symmetrical, get connection. To evaluate performance system, comparative study conducted using non-return...

The aim of the study is to evaluate use mesoporous silicate nanoparticles for loading and release non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, mefenamic acid. Nanoparticles materials, MCM-41 SBA-16 were synthesized characterized by XRD, SEM, FT-IR, TGA BET surface area techniques. Both systems loaded with acid capacities 18.6% 11.6%, respectively. in vitro into simulated body fluid (pH = 7.4) at 37°C was investigated. percent nonlinearly regressed against time (t) according first order kinetic...

Abstractwe explore the efficiency of D-π-A organic dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Five with varied acceptor sizes and geometric structures are studied. Quantum mechanics calculations, utilizing density functional theory (DFT) time-dependent (TD-DFT), used to assess their efficacy. Each dye has a simple push-pull architecture, featuring an arylamine electron donor furan conjugated spacer, different groups incorporated. By fabricating high-efficiency DSSCs these designed dyes, we...

Abstract Due to the benefits of Raman amplifier (RA) for long-haul Ultra Wideband (UW)-WDM optical communications systems, we are studying and investigating how widen bandwidth flatten gain RA by testing it in a new wider range wavelengths (1.4 μm≤ 1. 1.4 2. 1.45 3. 1.65 4. 1.43 Different model sizes used analyzed get more flat gain.

Abstract In this paper, we present a tanh apodized FBG as dispersion compensator in optical fiber communication systems. This grating is integrated hybrid system of four cascaded FBGs with soliton transmission technique. enhances the linewidth light source to get most out per-channel bit rate 9.687 Tbps at temperature 20 °C, relative refractive index difference 0.002, Germania doping ratio 0.2, and signal wavelength 1.65 µm.

Abstract This study focuses on compensating chromatic dispersion affecting the propagated signal in a standard single mode optical fibers (SSMFs). We propose model that consists of an identical four stages cascaded linear chirped apodized fiber Bragg gratings (CFBGs) post-compensation scheme under Maximum Time Division Multiplexing (MTDM) technique. MTDM is free limitations resulting from nonlinear effects. It, thus, effectively utilizes wavelength and operating various network different...