Wnt signaling plays a key role in cell proliferation and development. Recently, casein kinase I (CKI) protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) have emerged as positive negative regulators of the pathway, respectively. However, it is not clear how these two enzymes with opposing functions regulate signaling. Here we show that both CKI delta epsilon interacted directly Dvl-1, phosphorylated multiple components Wnt-regulated beta-catenin degradation complex vitro, including adenomatous polyposis coli...

Microtubule-associated proteins purified from bovine brains stimulated the in vitro transcription and replication reactions of vesicular stomatitis virus. The products these were intact messenger or genome-sized RNA species. A preparation HeLa cells containing tubulin microtubule-associated also virus vitro. This observation is accord with previous studies, which suggested that a host cell factor was involved function polymerase, others indicated several animal viruses displayed an...

Romanian constructions in which a sentential adverb precedes ‘that’ clause raise questions about the status of adverb, selected clause, and structure left periphery that allows for such word order. The proposal is certain pragmatic features ensuring evidential reading on (i.e., speech acts Speas & Tenny 2003) become visible to syntactic computation. Accordingly, extends further than ForceP (Rizzi 1997), as it also maps out discourse set-up at pragmatics-syntax interface.

This paper argues that să -subjunctives arise and spread in Early Modern Romanian (EMR) because of two properties: (i) values the complementizer head (C) as unambiguously irrealis ; (ii) subjunctive clause is systematically phasal. The emergence kept distinct from Balkan Sprachbund, situated, instead, context a more generalized shift list EMR complementizers. investigation resorts to cartography addresses issue cross-linguistic variation mapping modality at left periphery clauses, which...

This paper proposes a diachronic syntactic analysis of the Romanian verb putea “can”. It is argued that grammaticalization consists several upward reanalyses, and gradual stripping semantic features set off its reclassification as control > raising auxiliary pragmatic marker. accounts for ambiguous epistemic/deontic readings on modal, which were considered mysterious under lexical/semantic approaches; it also explains why infinitive verbs are so productive complements to modal; points out...

The supine starts to occur in Early Modern Romanian (EMR) by the late 16th century, during general process of replacement infinitives subordinated clauses. replaces infinitive non-finite relative In this article, I argue that EMR, but not other languages (e.g., Balkan Slavic) provided ambiguity primary linguistic data context infinitival de -relatives, because underspecification for grammatical category (i.e., either preposition or relativizing complementizer). led two parallel derivations —...

So far, most analyses assume that DOM and clitic doubling (CD) are two sides of the same mechanism, arising from a structure-dependent condition (i.e. Case for nouns). This assumption concerns Romance languages in general, including Romanian (old or modern). paper points out data Early Modern (EMR) other Balkan contradict this assumption. The analysis I propose disengages CD constraints, brings evidence discourse-based approach to both CD, separately conjunction with each other.

This article provides empirical support for the projection of a Commitment Phrase (CommitP) in field that maps conversational pragmatics at periphery clauses. Krifka (2015, 2019, 2020) proposes CommitP as speaker’s commitment to act on proposition insofar speaker has evidence truth condition or expects addressee produce and commit such evidence. replaces Ross’s (1970) idea speaker/addressee is related by speech-act predicate declare. argues alternative approach primarily theoretical grounds....