compared to the four-parameter ABG model.Results show CI model with a 1-m reference distance is suitable for outdoor environments, while CIF more appropriate indoor modeling.The and models are easily implemented in existing 3GPP by making very subtle modification-by replacing floating non-physically based constant frequency-dependent that represents free-space path loss first meter of propagation.This paper shows this change does not mathematical form ITU/3GPP offers much easier analysis,...

The main goal of this letter is to obtain models for path loss exponents and shadowing the radio channel between airborne unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) cellular networks. In pursuit, field measurements were conducted in live LTE networks at 800 MHz frequency band, using a commercial UAV. Our results show that exponent decreases as UAV moves up, approximating freespace propagation horizontal ranges up tens kilometers heights around 100 m. findings support need height-dependent parameters...

In this paper the coverage and capacity of SigFox, LoRa, GPRS, NB-IoT is compared using a real site deployment covering 8000 km2 in Northern Denmark. Using existing Telenor cellular grid it shown that four technologies have more than 99 % outdoor coverage, while GPRS challenged for indoor coverage. Furthermore, study analyzes assuming traffic growth from 1 to 10 IoT device per user. The conclusion 95 %-tile uplink failure rate users below 5 all technologies. For only provides downlink...

Widely deployed cellular networks are an attractive solution to provide large scale radio connectivity unmanned aerial vehicles. One main prerequisite is that co-existence and optimal performance for both terrestrial users can be provided. Today's are, however, not designed coverage, deployments primarily optimized good service users. These considerations, in combination with the strict regulatory requirements, lead extensive research standardization efforts ensure current enable reliable...

In this simulation work the coverage of GPRS, Narrowband-IoT, LoRa, and SigFox is compared in a realistic scenario, covering 7800 km2 using Telenor's commercial 2G, 3G, 4G deployment. The target to evaluate which four technologies provides best for Internet Things devices, may be located deep indoor. results show that having Maximum Coupling Loss performance 164 dB, also coverage. This despite fact LoRa deployments with omnidirectional antennas are found provide 3 dB lower link loss on...

In this measurement study the signal activity and power levels are measured in European Industrial, Scientific, Medical band 863-870 MHz city of Aalborg, Denmark. The target is to determine if there any interference, which may impact deployment Internet Things devices. focus on Low Power Wide Area technologies LoRa SigFox. measurements show that a 22-33 % probability interfering signals above -105 dBm within mandatory SigFox 868.0-868.6 shopping area business park downtown thus limits...

There is growing interest in using millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies for future access communications based on the enormous amount of available spectrum. To characterize mmWave channel urban areas, wideband propagation measurements at 73 GHz have recently been made New York City. Using measurements, a ray-tracing study has conducted databases same environments as allowing simple ray-tracer to predict measured statistics such path loss and angles arrival physical environment measurements....

This paper presents key parameters including the line-of-sight (LOS) probability, large-scale path loss, and shadow fading models for design of future fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems in urban macro- cellular (UMa) scenarios, using data obtained from propagation measurements at 38 GHz Austin, US, 2, 10, 18, 28 Aalborg, Denmark. A comparison different LOS probability is performed Aalborg environment. Alpha-beta-gamma close-in reference distance loss are studied depth to...

In this paper we analyze and discuss the coverage capacity of Sigfox LoRaWAN in a large scale urban environments covering 150 km$^2$ Northern Denmark. First, study measures analyzes interference European 868 MHz license free industrial, scientific, medical band, creating model for interference. The measured downtown Aalborg has an occurrence rate 22 % generalized extreme value distributed power level. Next, compares two Internet Things network solutions using existing Telenor cellular site...

The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for civilian and commercial services has experienced a significant increase in the past couple years. Emerging UAV enabled services, however, require extended beyond-visual-line-of-sight geographical range. One key regulatory requirement these is that radio communication link must reliably cover wide(er) area, when compared to visual-line-of-sight range links currently used. Standardized cellular systems such as Long Term Evolution UMTS (LTE), are an...

Energy-efficient buildings are gaining momentum in order to comply with the new energy regulations. Especially northern cold countries, thick reinforced walls and energy-efficient windows composed of several layers glass plus metal coating becoming de facto elements modern building constructions, it has been noticed that they can impact heavily on radio signal propagation. This paper presents a measurement-based analysis outdoor-to-indoor attenuation experienced constructions compared an old...

It is becoming clear that 5G wireless systems will encompass frequencies from around 500 MHz all the way to 100 GHz. To adequately assess performance of in these different bands, path loss (PL) models need be developed across this wide frequency range. The PL can roughly broken into two categories, ones have some anchor physics, and curve- match only over data set without any physical anchor. In paper we use both real-world measurements 2 28 GHz ray-tracing studies 73.5 GHz, an urban-macro...

This paper compares three candidate large-scale propagation path loss models for use over the entire microwave and millimeter-wave (mmWave) radio spectrum: alpha-beta-gamma (ABG) model, close-in (CI) free space reference distance CI model with a frequency-weighted exponent (CIF). Each of these have been recently studied in standards bodies such as 3GPP, design fifth generation (5G) wireless systems urban macrocell, microcell, indoor office shopping mall scenarios. Here we compare accuracy...

In this paper we investigate the ability of Long- Term Evolution (LTE) network to provide coverage for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in a rural area, particular Command and Control (C2) downlink. The study takes into consideration dependency large-scale path loss on height UAV, which is derived from actual measurements, real-world cellular layout configuration. results indicate that interference dominant factor limiting UAVs downlink: outage level increases 4.2% at 1.5m 51.7% 120m under...

Aerial users, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), experience different radio propagation conditions than users on the ground. This is a concern regarding integration of into cellular networks in near future. letter investigates impact uplink transmissions from an user equipment. Full buffer were performed by device at ground level and also flying attached to UAV 100 m height. The field measurements show higher number cells affected transmission, with increase up 7.7 dB interference over...

In the summer of 2013, a wideband propagation measurement campaign using rotating directional antennas at 73 GHz was conducted New York University (NYU) campus, in order to collect extensive field measurements for use millimeter wave (mmWave) E-band statistical channel model. While provided over 50 Gigabytes power delay profiles and angular responses [1], [2], time labor intensive were based on only 5 transmitter (Tx) locations 27 receiver (Rx) locations, making up total 74 Tx-Rx link...

The 3.5 GHz band is a strong candidate for future urban micro cell deployment with base station antennas located below rooftop. Compared to other frequency bands, propagation in the relatively unexplored deployment. This paper presents measurement-based analysis of outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor at comparison more well-known 1.9 GHz. A simple two-slope line-of-sight/non-line-of-sight path loss model proposed compared different existing models. found be approximately 5 dB higher investigated...

The main objective of the paper is to investigate and compare downlink performance different LTE heterogeneous network (HetNet) deployment solutions. By adding small cells existing macro overlay, coverage capacity can be significantly enhanced accommodate fast growth mobile broadband traffic. Emphasis put on how optimally assign spectrum for networks layers in an evolved HetNet including outdoor indoor cells. study conducted a "Hot-Zone" scenario, i.e. high-traffic area within realistic...

This letter presents an empirical multifrequency outdoor-to-indoor path loss model. The model is based on measurements performed the exact same set of scenarios for different frequency bands ranging from traditional cellular allocations below 6 GHz (0.8, 2, 3.5, and 5.2 GHz), up to centimeter (cm)-wave frequencies (10, 18, 28 GHz). has applicability similar typical 3GPP ITU-R simplified models, including formulation recently included in TR 38.900. highlights some details behind these models...

Mobility performance is at the heart of each cellular technology, including omni-present LTE networks. It becomes even more significant when such system supposed to reliably support state-of-the-art devices, as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), emerging rapid pace in our surroundings. Contemporary network deployments, addressing mainly needs terrestrial users, were not optimized serve UAVs moving below and above typical antenna heights. Thus, it worth checking how they can handle these novel...

Each user in the uplink of an Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) system may experience a different carrier frequency offset (CFO). These uncorrected CFOs destroy orthogonality among subcarriers, causing inter-carrier interference and multi-user interference, which degrade performance severely. In this paper, novel time-domain cancellation schemes for OFDMA are proposed. They employ architecture with multiple OFDMA-demodulators to compensate impacts at base station's side. Analytical numerical...

This paper investigates the propagation characteristics of urban macro cells at centimeter-wave (cmWave) frequencies, in particular 10, 18 and 28 GHz. The measurements are performed several transmitter (Tx) locations heights, both line-of-sight (LOS) non (NLOS) conditions, with distances up to 1,400 m. distancedependent mean path loss shadow fading standard deviation (std) extracted for all cases based on a single-slope model, offered here quick determination link budget system capacity....

This paper focus on the investigation of aerial communications for drones connected to cellular networks in urban areas. Most previous measurement based channel models environments do not extend users located at heights above rooftops. On other hand, UAVs are expected fly very low level (VLL) airspace, much lower than those covered by air-to-ground models. By means field measurements, this presents height-dependent closed form expressions model (path loss slope and shadowing) extending up 40...

Frequency Hopping (FH) technology has been widely used for short-range networks operating in unlicensed band. As the FH gain momentum ubiquitous usage, interference that collocated cause to each other, termed self-interference, becomes one of major sources degrade communication performance. This paper proposes Adaptive Rolling (AFR), a particular adaptive instance enables cooperate and effectively avoid self-interference. The AFR uses as input solely observed packet error rate (PER) it does...