Theoretical and experimental studies of multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) radio channels are presented. A simple stochastic MIMO model channel has been developed. This uses the correlation matrices at mobile station (MS) base (BS) so that results numerous single-input/multiple-output have published in literature can be used as input parameters. The is simplified to narrowband channels. validation based upon data collected both picocell microcell environments. also investigate capacity...

A simple statistical model of azimuthal and temporal dispersion in mobile radio channels is proposed. The includes the probability density function (PDF) delay azimuth impinging waves as well their expected power conditioned on azimuth. properties are extracted from macrocellular measurements conducted a variety urban environments. It found that typical environments spectrum (PAS) accurately described by Laplacian function, while Gaussian PDF matches PDF. Moreover, (PDS) modeled an...

The focus of wireless research is increasingly shifting toward 6G as 5G deployments get underway. At this juncture, it essential to establish a vision future communications provide guidance for that research. In paper, we attempt paint broad picture communication needs and technologies in the timeframe 6G. connectivity creation digital twin worlds are true representation physical biological at every spatial time instant, unifying our experience across these physical, worlds. New themes...

In this paper we propose a modification to Shannon capacity bound in order facilitate accurate benchmarking of UTRAN long term evolution (LTE). The method is generally applicable wireless communication systems, while have used LTE air-interface technology as case study. We introduce an adjusted formula, where take into account the system bandwidth efficiency and SNR LTE. Separating these issues, allows for simplified parameter extraction. show that can be calculated based on parameters,...

The main goal of this letter is to obtain models for path loss exponents and shadowing the radio channel between airborne unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) cellular networks. In pursuit, field measurements were conducted in live LTE networks at 800 MHz frequency band, using a commercial UAV. Our results show that exponent decreases as UAV moves up, approximating freespace propagation horizontal ranges up tens kilometers heights around 100 m. findings support need height-dependent parameters...

In this paper the coverage and capacity of SigFox, LoRa, GPRS, NB-IoT is compared using a real site deployment covering 8000 km2 in Northern Denmark. Using existing Telenor cellular grid it shown that four technologies have more than 99 % outdoor coverage, while GPRS challenged for indoor coverage. Furthermore, study analyzes assuming traffic growth from 1 to 10 IoT device per user. The conclusion 95 %-tile uplink failure rate users below 5 all technologies. For only provides downlink...

Widely deployed cellular networks are an attractive solution to provide large scale radio connectivity unmanned aerial vehicles. One main prerequisite is that co-existence and optimal performance for both terrestrial users can be provided. Today's are, however, not designed coverage, deployments primarily optimized good service users. These considerations, in combination with the strict regulatory requirements, lead extensive research standardization efforts ensure current enable reliable...

The 3GPP has introduced the LTE-M and NB-IoT User Equipment categories made amendments to LTE release 13 support cellular Internet of Things.The contribution this paper is analyze coverage probability, number supported devices, device battery life in networks equipped with either newly standardized technologies.The study for a site specific network deployment Danish operator, simulation calibrated using drive test measurements.The results show that can provide 99.9 % outdoor indoor if latter...

A simple framework for Monte Carlo simulations of a multiple-input-multiple-output radio channel is proposed. The derived model includes the partial correlation between paths in channel, as well fast fading and time dispersion. only input parameters required are shape power delay spectrum spatial functions at transmit receive end. Thus, available open literature large variety environments. It furthermore demonstrated that Shannon capacity highly dependent on considered environment.

This paper present measurement results obtained with a testbed equipped an array antenna. The investigations focus on the power azimuth spectrum of channel in urban and rural areas, for various base station antenna heights. is well modeled Laplacian function. local spread found to range from 1/spl deg/ 25/spl depending environment height. significantly increases as height reduced. An analytical expression spatial correlation function derived based model. Finally, spectrums impact...

Capacity increases promised by multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems mostly depend on the spatial correlation properties of radio channel. The paper investigates connection between these and capacity figures. It first derives coefficient two antenna elements as a function their spacing, power azimuth spectrum (PAS), spread (AS) mean angle incidence waves, for three different types PAS, namely uniform, truncated Gaussian Laplacian. With help established relations, correlated...

From extensive 2D channel measurements it is found that the shape of power azimuth spectrum at base station in outdoor environments accurately described by a truncated Laplacian function both rural and urban environments.

Empirical results characterizing the joint statistical properties of local azimuth spread (AS), delay (DS), and shadow (slow) fading component are presented. Measurement data from typical urban, bad suburban (SU) environments have been analyzed. It is found that a log-normal distribution accurately fits function all investigated parameters. The spatial autocorrelation both AS, DS, can be modeled with an exponential decay function. However, for SU better characterized by composite two...

In this paper we introduce orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) downlink general packet scheduling methods for throughput fairness control among users. The investigation is based on the 3GPP UTRAN long term evolution (LTE) and a decoupled time/frequency domain scheduler approach used. It shown that can be effectively controlled with metric weighting or time priority set (TD-PSS) depending number of users in cell. Furthermore principle decoupling between schedulers...

In this simulation work the coverage of GPRS, Narrowband-IoT, LoRa, and SigFox is compared in a realistic scenario, covering 7800 km2 using Telenor's commercial 2G, 3G, 4G deployment. The target to evaluate which four technologies provides best for Internet Things devices, may be located deep indoor. results show that having Maximum Coupling Loss performance 164 dB, also coverage. This despite fact LoRa deployments with omnidirectional antennas are found provide 3 dB lower link loss on...

The system requirements for IMT-A are currently being specified by the ITU. Target peak data rates of 1 Gb/s in local areas and 100 Mb/s wide expected to be provided means advanced MIMO antenna configurations very high spectrum allocations (on order MHz). For downlink, OFDMA is unanimously considered most appropriate technique achieving spectral efficiency. uplink, LTE 3GPP, example, employs SCFDMA due its low PAPR properties compared OFDMA. future systems, decision on uplink access scheme...

Low-power base stations such as femtocells are one of the candidates for high-data-rate provisioning in local areas, residences, apartment complexes, business offices, and outdoor hotspot scenarios. Unfortunately, benefits not without new challenges terms interference management efficient system operation. Due to expected large number user-deployed cells, centralized network planning becomes impractical, scalable alternatives must be sought. In this article we propose a fully distributed...

In this measurement study the signal activity and power levels are measured in European Industrial, Scientific, Medical band 863-870 MHz city of Aalborg, Denmark. The target is to determine if there any interference, which may impact deployment Internet Things devices. focus on Low Power Wide Area technologies LoRa SigFox. measurements show that a 22-33 % probability interfering signals above -105 dBm within mandatory SigFox 868.0-868.6 shopping area business park downtown thus limits...

A 5G frame structure designed for efficient support of users with highly diverse service requirements is proposed. It includes mobile broadband data, mission-critical communication, and massive machine communication. The solution encompasses flexible multiplexing on a shared channel dynamic adjustment the transmission time interval in coherence per link. This allows optimizing fundamental tradeoffs between spectral efficiency, latency, reliability each link flow. based in-resource physical...

This paper presents solutions for efficient multiplexing of ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) and enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) traffic on a shared channel. scenario multiple challenges in terms radio resource scheduling, link adaptation, inter-cell interference, which are identified addressed throughout this paper. We propose joint adaptation allocation policy that dynamically adjusts the block error probability URLLC small payload transmissions accordance with...

Long Term Evolution, the fourth generation of mobile communication technology, has been commercially deployed for about five years. Even though it is continuously updated through new releases, and with LTE Advanced Pro Release 13 being latest one, development fifth initiated. In this article, we measure how current network implementations perform in comparison initial requirements. The target to identify certain key performance indicators that have suboptimal therefore lend themselves...

We address the fundamental tradeoffs among latency, reliability and throughput in a cellular network. The most important elements influencing KPIs 4G network are identified, inter-relationships them is discussed. use effective bandwidth capacity theory as analytical framework for calculating maximum achievable rate given latency constraint. analysis conducted simplified LTE network, providing baseline - yet powerful insight of main tradeoffs. Guidelines to extend more complex systems also...

In this work a novel LTE user equipment (UE) power consumption model is presented. It was developed for system level optimization, because it important to understand how network settings like scheduling of resources and transmit control affect the UE's battery life. The proposed based on review major consuming parts in an UE radio modem. includes functions UL DL data rate. Measurements commercial USB dongle were used assign realistic values each parameter. Verification measurements show that...

The 5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> generation (5G) of mobile radio access technologies is expected to become available for commercial launch around 2020. In this paper, we present our envisioned 5G system design optimized small cell deployment taking a clean slate approach, i.e. removing most compatibility constraints with the previous generations technologies. This paper mainly covers physical layer aspects concept design.