Diabetes reduces semen quality and increasingly occurs during reproductive years. medications, such as metformin, have glucose-independent effects on the male system. Associations with birth defects in offspring are unknown.

The evolution of senescence is often explained by arguing that, in nature, few individuals survive to be old and hence it evolutionarily unimportant what happens organisms when they are old. A corollary this idea that extrinsically imposed mortality, because reduces the chance surviving old, favors senescence. We show these ideas, although widespread, incorrect. Selection leading does not depend directly on survival age, but shape stable age distribution, we discuss implications important...

Reducing lifespan inequality is increasingly recognized as a health policy objective. Whereas declined with rising longevity in most developed countries, Danish life expectancy stagnated between 1975 and 1995 for females progressed slowly males. It unknown how changed, which causes of death drove these developments, where the opportunities further improvements lie now.We present an analytical strategy based on cause-by-age decompositions to simultaneously analyze changes from 1960 2014, well...

Abstract Background Of all lifestyle behaviours, smoking caused the most deaths in last century. Because of time lag between act and dying from smoking, because males generally take up before females do, male female epidemiology often follows a typical double wave pattern dubbed ‘smoking epidemic’. How are this epidemic differentially progressing high-income regions on cohort-by-age basis? have they affected male-female survival differences? Methods We used data for period 1950–2015 WHO...

Theory predicts that senescence should inevitably evolve because selection pressure declines with age. Yet, data show is not a universal phenomenon. How can these observations peacefully coexist? Evolution of any trait hinges on its impact fitness. A complete mathematical description change in fitness, the total fitness differential, involves along perturbation function describes how vital rates, mortality and fecundity, are affected across ages. We propose be used to model trade-offs when...

One of the prevailing theories aging, disposable soma theory, views aging as result accumulation damage through imperfect maintenance. Aging, then, is explained from an evolutionary perspective by asserting that this lack maintenance exists because required resources are better invested in reproduction. However, amount necessary to prevent 'maintenance requirement' has so far been largely neglected and certainly not considered perspective. To our knowledge we first do so, arrive at...

A general concept for thinking about causality facilitates swift comprehension of results, and the vocabulary that belongs to is instrumental in cross-disciplinary communication. The causal pie model has fulfilled this role epidemiology could be similar value evolutionary biology ecology. In model, outcomes result from sufficient causes. Each cause made up a "causal pie" "component causes". Several different pies may exist same outcome. If only if all component causes are present, is,...

Senescence evolved because selection pressure declines with age. However, to explain senescence it does not suffice demonstrate that declines. It is also necessary postulate biological mechanisms lead a deteriorated state of the organism at high ages, but before. This has invocation 'age-specific' genes or processes, concept which prone be interpreted too freely. Events do happen after certain amount time passed. They need initiation, means required continuous process. As result, change...

There is significant recent interest in Peto's paradox and the related problem of evolution large, long-lived organisms terms cancer robustness. refers to expectation that have a higher lifetime risk, which not case: paradox. This paradox, however, circular: are large because they robust. Lifetime meanwhile, depends on age distributions both competing risks: if strikes before risks, then risk high; not, not. Because no set risks generally prevalent, it instructive temporarily dispose...

Large variations in cancer survival have been recorded between populations, e.g., countries or regions a country. To understand the determinants of differentials researchers often applied regression analysis. We here propose use non-parametric decomposition method to quantify exact contribution specific components absolute difference two populations. Survival differences are decomposed into contributions stage at diagnosis, population age structure, and stage-and-age-specific survival....

Given an extrinsic challenge, organism may die or not depending on how the threat interacts with organism's physiological state. To date, such interaction mortality has been only a minor factor in theoretical modeling of senescence. We describe model that does involve specific functions, making modest assumptions. Our distinguishes explicitly between state and potential extrinsic, age-independent threats. The resulting change age, whether changes age. find constraints, any outcome, be it 'no...

To study what medication fathers are being prescribed in the months preceding conception.A retrospective cohort of Danish national registries, comprising all births Denmark 1997-2017 (1.3 million births). Time trends and absolute levels paternal prescription 6 prior to conception were assessed. While medications examined (N = 1335), we focused on main groups, that have increased use over time, for which previous evidence exists an effect sperm quality.The average number prescriptions period...

Objectives To evaluate the association of paternal intake antipsychotics, anxiolytics, hypnotics and sedatives, antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (benzo)diazepines during development fertilising sperm with birth defects in offspring. Design Prospective registry-based cohort study. Setting Total Danish 1997–2016 using national registries. Participants All 1 201 119 liveborn singletons born were eligible, 39 803 (3.3%) whom had at least one major defect. Exposure...

Abstract Objective With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, large numbers of people will receive one several medications proposed to treat COVID-19, including patients reproductive age. Given that some have shown adverse effects on sperm quality, there might be a transgenerational concern. We aim at examining association between drugs when taken by father around conception and any pre-term birth or major defects in offspring nation-wide cohort study using Danish registry data. Offspring whose...

Is fecundity, measured as self-reported time to first pregnancy (TTP), a marker for subsequent health and survival?Long TTP was increased mortality among women higher hospitalization rates both men.Poor semen quality has been linked morbidity from wide range of diseases. Associations survival are still uncertain studies on actual measures fecundity outcomes rare.We performed prospective cohort study 7825 6279 men, aged 18 above with TTP, who participated in one the Danish nation-wide twin...

The healthcare systems in Scandinavia inform nationwide registers and the Scandinavian populations are increasingly combined research. We aimed to compare Norway (NO), Sweden (SE), Denmark (DK) regarding sociodemographic factors healthcare.

(Abstracted from Ann Intern Med 2022;175:665–673) Diabetes mellitus is known to compromise sperm quality and associated with impaired male fertility. Metformin a first-line oral diabetes medication that has been shown improve markers of semen in obese men but reduces serum testosterone levels independently glycemic control.