During the last decade, extensive research has been carried out on subject of low-cost sensor platforms for air quality monitoring. A key aspect when deploying such systems is measured data. Calibration especially important to improve data monitoring devices. The must comply with regulations issued by national or international authorities in order be used regulatory purposes. This work discusses challenges and methods suitable calibrating a platform developed our group, Airify, that unit...

The increase in energy consumption is closely correlated with the continuous evolution of human society, which implies both depletion fossil fuels and pollution levels. One solution to these problems obtain electricity from renewable sources but also use alternative for car transportation. Within paper, there are presented necessary conditions design hydrogen gas stations accordance legal requirements force regarding protection explosion.

Explosion-proof equipment must be designed so that the ignition of surrounding explosive atmosphere to avoided.This is very important because an explosion can have particular implications over goods, life and not least environment.One sources represented by hot surfaces.Each operate in atmospheres develops a maximum surface temperature.The specific standards used assess protection characteristics cover only indirectly part factors influencing temperature.By this study, using standardized...

In the field of industrial activities actual trends shows a growing need for risk assessment.Regarding explosion assessment rough but important qualitative step was made by defining categories and levels protection equipments installations together with zone classification areas where combustible substances can be released accumulated.By presented methodology, in this paper are theoretical models calculation explosive atmospheres ignition probability, starting from parameters low currents...

The intrinsic safety type of protection significantly increased in complexity during the last decades.Thus, it even provides opportunity to use highly complex electronic circuits without involving a significant explosion risk within oil industry or power plants, but not limited those two.In order achieve this performance, is based on three pillars: limiting energy, heat and also fault tolerance.The potential failure components, connections, separations are taken into consideration for...

The explosion risk is one of the major industrial risks, being present in all units which produce, use, handle, store or transport hazardous substances, products with flammable and explosive properties. Equipment designed for use potentially atmospheres must be manufactured so that ignition surrounding atmosphere avoided. One sources an represented by surface temperature. paper presents influence temperature process selection electrical equipment from technological installations operating...

The type of protection flameproof enclosure “d” consists in placing the parts that could ignite an explosive atmosphere inside can withstand pressure developed during internal explosion mixture and which prevents transmission to surrounding enclosure. must remain valid even case explosion. maximum surface temperature electrical equipment is defined as highest attained service under most adverse conditions (but within specified tolerances) by any part or equipment. When determining a external...

The paper presents the estimation of uncertainty in measurement maximum surface temperature voltaic cells exposed to specific tests for type intrinsic safety protection. For this purpose, equivalent test conditions using short-circuit stand are considered. In first part, risk explosion is presented and it mentioned that arises due presence technical equipment areas where flammable substances may be present. second requirements testing briefly presented. It also introduces configuration used...

The paper presents an assessment of issues regarding the separation phenomena methane-hydrogen mixtures in vertical pipelines. In first part paper, explosion risk is underlined. Thus, widespread use methane both industrial and domestic sectors well known. practice, due to recent trends, injection hydrogen into dedicated installations, differences densities can lead which have unfavorable effect on operating regimes equipment using this mixture also, explosion. industry not new, but...

The paper presents issues regarding impedance spectroscopy analysis for the identification of intrinsically safe circuits. first part paperwork explosion risk. In industrial applications, presence flammable substances leads to additional requirements technical equipment used in such spaces. On other hand, spaces must remain working order even when risk is high. For this purpose, should be assessed, tested, and certified so that it functions safely related hazard aspects. second theoretical...

This paper investigates the possibility of identifying internal components activity and behavior by analyzing power signature system under test. Furthermore, enables estimation component level energy accounting detection with incorrect execution causing failures system.

In the economic activities related to combustible substances, it may occur possible emissions and explosive atmospheres.Some typical examples include industrial in general, firedamp mines power generation particular.The aim of this paper is accentuate hidden aspects regarding ignition sensitivity moisturized air methane mixtures.Therefore, first objective emphasize humidity as an extra factor needed be considered relation changes.The second briefly present materials experiments.For third...

Based on the experience accumulated over time evaluation of equipment and installations in environments with potentially explosive atmospheres, this paper is intended to be an element synthesis issues related “in situ” assessment solutions solvency deficiencies found. The these very important order verify implementation measures that lead minimizing risk ignition atmospheres. Evaluation made through on-site visit basis technical documentation developed by care user. In first part were...

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the results a new experimental method for evaluation energy supply electrical circuits used in potentially explosive atmospheres, enabling more accurate and thorough assessment processes.It expected improvement transfer parameters deserving equipment by keeping security level required technical rules force.

The last years have seen major transformation in all segments of the power industry, from generation to energy supply, smart meters having a key role. Smart are used also homes solutions. Non-intrusive load monitoring using can be disaggregate consumption home appliances. In our work we aim estimate and profile internal components an electrical device signature running device. Furthermore, try determine operation mode under analysis based on differences between signatures.

The scope of the paper is investigation effect probability value variations on dispersion extreme values geometric random process results. practical background study obtained in low currents testing explosive gas mixtures. In first part paper, by using spark test apparatus and mixtures was briefly shown. second type distribution associated to tests results emphasized. third part, simulation method used together with Monte Carlo were introduced. discussions presented last part.

The paper describes a measuring system for testing of the combustible gases detectors used in domestic premises. general requirements are presented electrical equipment gas detection. A theoretic analytical model is proposed test concentration and assessing influence air humidity. considered designing experimental setup. assembly structure was tested results were presented. Consequently, measurement uncertainty determined. It found that use high precision oxygen analyzer reliable process...

The use of flammable substances in the industry means that installations process them generate explosion hazard zones proximal space. Equipment installed and operated such hazardous areas must not ignite an explosive atmosphere. Confirmation how equipment is adapted for atmosphere named protection. Explosion protection confirmed by testing together with evaluation. For low-current equipment, situation which can be ignited small components should considered. first part paper was devoted to...

The paper presents issues regarding uncertainty involved in the test process to ignition of small components for intrinsically safe equipment. In first part paper, classification explosion-protected equipment is presented. power generation and also other industrial areas, incidence flammable substances a common factor. As consequence this, risk explosion may arise. On hand, installations located areas endangered by presence must remain operation therefore live. be assessed, tested, certified...

The paper�s purpose is to quantify the measurement consequences in purge test of equipment protected with �p� type protection. In order achieve this objective, authors involved a simulation process for pressurization enclosure. was conducted, first stage, without obtain reference after that conducted scenarios involving sampling separately each point. part paper presented risks explosion and pressurized enclosure as protection type. use, production, processing, storage petroleum products...