Poor food hygiene is a significant risk to public health globally, but especially in low and middle-income countries where access sanitation, general remain poor. Food becomes even more pertinent when untreated, or poorly treated wastewater used agriculture. In such circumstances the WHO recommends adoption of multiple-barrier approach that prescribes protective measures at different entry points along chain. This study sought assess knowledge awareness use for crop production, its related...

The need to minimise consumer risk, especially for food that can be consumed uncooked, is a continuing public health concern, particularly in places where safe sanitation and hygienic practices are absent. use of wastewater agriculture has been associated with disease risks, though its relative significance transmission remains unclear. This study aimed at identifying key risk factors produce contamination different entry points the chain. Over 500 ready-to-eat salad samples were collected...

This study assesses the intermediate outcomes of Tanzania National Sanitation Campaign (NSC) for schools. A cross-sectional was designed as part a process evaluation NSC in on 70 primary schools and 54 regional district education officers. Data collected between August December 2014 using questionaires, key informant interviews, desk studies. The results showed that only 50% met guideline 50 boys per drop hole, while 43% 40 girls hole. In addition, 53% had reliable water supply, some...

Abstract This study assessed the change in quality of drinking water from intake to point-of-use and health risk consumers sources a farming community Ghana. Water samples were collected five 31 households. A quantitative microbial assessment (QMRA) was used estimate risk. All physicochemical parameters found be within WHO guidelines except pH hardness. Again, none showed significant difference between sources. There were, however, differences mean total fecal coliforms source (3.63 vs 4.57...

Wastewater use in urban agriculture is common as a result of rapid urbanisation, and increasing competition for good quality water. In order to minimize risks farmers consumers wastewater irrigated produce the World Health Organization (WHO) has developed guidelines safe agriculture. These are based on Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) model, though reliability this model been questioned due lack primary data. This study aimed assess ability WHO protect farmers' health, by...

In developing countries like Ghana, the use of open dumpsites and landfills without proper waste management technique has resulted in environmental pollution with long-term adverse effects on soil, groundwater, human health sustainability. This study assessed contaminants fine particles dumpsite soil around urban peri-urban at different depths excavation age deposited waste. Specifically, study: (i) physiochemical properties surrounding (ii) heavy metals distributions from ages deposition,...

Improved sanitation for all is a daunting task low-income countries, and shared toilets often provide an alternative to private household most urban residents. This study sought better understanding of the existing barriers opportunities improved management sanitation. The used focus group discussions in-depth interviews with 70 users (landlords tenants) in Kumasi, Ghana assess “high-quality” commonly toilet facilities were dry toilets—Kumasi Ventilated Pit latrine latrines; flush...

Open dumping of municipal solid waste is a common practice in developing countries including Ghana and it creates major problems many municipalities towns the countries, therefore, dumpsites need to be reclaimed or decommissioned after years dumping. However, becomes challenging infer from results studies other part world for since they may have different characteristics. Therefore, this study sought characterize dumpsite with age groups urban city small town ascertain impacts aging...

Abstract Ghana achieved its Millennium Development Goal (MDG) water target about a decade before the 2015 deadline. However, as world shifts focus to achieving sustainable universal coverage, there is need for redoubled efforts keep up this feat. This paper examines success drivers and major transformative required sustain in Ghana's sector. The findings indicate that successes chalked sector have been largely fuelled by strong donor support well organised institutional policy framework....

ABSTRACT Shared sanitation is not currently accepted within the international normative definitions of “basic” or “safely managed” sanitation. We argue that pro-poor government strategies and investment plans must include high-quality shared as an intermediate step in some densely populated urban areas. User experience be considered establishing definition high quality. call for additional research on effective interventions to reach these quality standards development rigorous measures...

Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) is a widely used approach to reduce open defecation in rural areas of low-income countries. Following CLTS programs, communities are designated as free (ODF) when household-level toilet coverage reaches the threshold specified by national guidelines (e.g., 80% Ghana). However, because conditions rarely monitored after declared ODF, ability generate lasting reductions poorly understood. In this study, we examined extent which levels ownership and use were...

Global sustainable development goals call for universal access to safely managed sanitation by 2030. Here, we demonstrate methods estimate the financial requirements meeting this commitment in urban settings of low-income countries. Our considered two requirements: (i) subsidies needed bridge gap between willingness-to-pay households and actual market prices toilets emptying services (ii) amounts expand municipal waste management infrastructure unserved populations. We applied our five...

According to the World Health Organization/United Nations International Children's Fund Joint Monitoring Program, 494 million people practice open defecation globally. After achieving defecation-free (ODF) status through efforts such as Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), communities (particularly vulnerable households) may revert defecation, especially when toilet collapse is common and durable toilets are unaffordable. Accordingly, there increasing interest in pro-poor sanitation...

Abstract Background The sharing of sanitation facilities is a common practice in low-income areas sub-Saharan Africa. However, shared currently categorized as limited service, and may therefore not count towards meeting the global goals. These are often only option available for most residents settlements, improving their cleanliness overall management key to reducing open defecation risk disease. This study sought investigate barriers opportunities improved settlements Kisumu city, Kenya....

Abstract Shared sanitation facilities (SSFs) have contributed considerably to access in many low-income settlements. While SSFs are of unacceptable quality, others been found be a hygienically safe and socially economically viable option. Within its framework, the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), evaluating progress on Sustainable Development Goals, considers shared as ‘limited sanitation’. Overall, there is uncertainty about criteria distinguish between acceptable quality SSF....

Abstract In recent years, shared facilities have contributed substantially to increased access sanitation in urban areas. While is often the only viable option densely-populated, low-income areas, it currently considered a “limited" solution by international community. this paper, we analyze conditions under which could be of adequate quality and propose set indicators associated with included national household surveys. We conducted survey 3600 households 2026 observational spot-checks...

Shared sanitation facilities are not considered as basic owing to cleanliness and accessibility concerns. However, there is mounting evidence that some shared household toilets have a comparable level of service private toilets. This study examined the factors contribute quality in low-income urban communities Ghana Kenya. The design comprised surveys field inspections. Overall, 843 respondents were interviewed, 838 inspected. Cleanliness scores computed from facility inspections, while...

Many cities have bye-laws that require landlords to provide acceptable sanitation for tenants. Yet fail these facilities and the are seldom enforced. This paper provides evidence from low-income urban communities in Ga West Municipality of Accra, Ghana on barriers both toilet provision bye-law enforcement, drawing household surveys with tenants, focus group discussions, key informant interviews. The constraints construction were found be lack capital, limited space, availability nearby...

ABSTRACT. Sharing of sanitation is common in low-income settlements Sub-Saharan Africa. However, shared (limited) facilities have been thought to pose health risks due poor hygiene levels. Interventions improve user behavior and cleanliness are few, both literature practice. This study details the codesign testing strategies areas Kisumu City Kenya. The included a cleaning plan, monitoring system, discussions among users, were codesigned through workshops with stakeholders group landlords...

Introduction Ghana is the first country in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to aim for universal health coverage (UHC). Based on Ghana’s UHC system, accessibility and distribution of healthcare facilities were evaluated 2020. Projecting into 2030, this study aimed at providing geographical information data guiding future policies siting required facilities. as a precedent SSA was proposed “ leave no disease behind” surveillance infectious diseases (IDs). This reinforce sustainable development goals...

The Government of Ghana prohibited Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) operations from 2017 to 2018 as part its strategy address the socio-environmental issues caused by illegal mining activities, also referred “galamsey” operations. This study assessed trend in water quality raw abstracted at Konongo Water Treatment Plant (WTP) for treatment before after implementing ban on main source WTP is Anuru River. Secondary data physicochemical 2006 2019 was sourced Ashanti Regional Quality...

Despite its contribution to global disease burden, diarrhoeal is still a relatively neglected area for research funding, especially in low-income country settings. The SNOWS consortium (Scientists Networked Outcomes from Water and Sanitation) funded by the Wellcome Trust under an initiative build necessary skills Africa. This paper focuses on training needs of as identified during first three years project.We reviewed reports two assessments. was detailed assessment led one northern partner,...

In order to minimize the health risks agricultural workers, and consumers of wastewater irrigated produce, World Health Organisation has developed guidelines for safe use of wastewater in agriculture. This study sought test appropriateness current Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment model multiple-barrier approach advocated by WHO guidelines. Over a one year period, over 500 produce ready-to-eat salad samples were collected from fields, markets, kitchens Accra, Ghana, 300 soil...