We assessed the levels of arsenic in drilled wells Finland and studied association exposure with risk bladder kidney cancers. The study persons were selected from a register-based cohort all Finns who had lived at an address outside municipal drinking-water system during 1967-1980 (n = 144,627). final population consisted 61 cancer cases 49 diagnosed between 1981 1995, as well age- sex-balanced random sample 275 subjects (reference cohort). Water samples obtained used by least 1967-1980....

We introduce a conceptually novel method for eye-movement signal analysis. The is general in that it does not place severe restrictions on sampling frequency, measurement noise or subject behavior. Event identification based segmentation simultaneously denoises the and determines event boundaries. full gaze position time-series segmented into an approximately optimal piecewise linear function O(n) time. Gaze feature parameters classification fixations, saccades, smooth pursuits post-saccadic...

In this paper we present and qualitatively analyze an expert driver's gaze behaviour in natural driving on a real road, with no specific experimental task or instruction. Previous eye tracking research naturalistic tasks has revealed recurring patterns of that are surprisingly regular repeatable. Lappi (doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.006) identified the literature seven "qualitative laws wild": tend to go together, more so setting, all them expected extended sequences fully behaviour....

Abstract Moving in natural environments is guided by looking where you are going. When entering a bend, car drivers direct their gaze toward the inside of curve, region curve apex. This behavior has been analyzed terms both “tangent point models,” which posit that at tangent (TP), and “future path visually targeting on desired trajectory or future (FP). issue remains unresolved, partly due to challenge representing changing visual projection into driver's field view. paper reports study...

Abstract Human behavior and interaction in road traffic is highly complex, with many open scientific questions of high applied importance, not least relation to recent development efforts toward automated vehicles. In parallel, decades have seen major advances cognitive neuroscience models human decision-making, but these mainly been simplified laboratory tasks. Here, we demonstrate how variable-drift extensions drift diffusion (or evidence accumulation) decision-making can be adapted the...

For nearly 20 years, looking at the tangent point on road edge has been prominent in models of visual orientation curve driving. It is most common interpretation commonly observed pattern car drivers through a bend, or apex curve. Indeed, science literature, towards inside bend become known as "tangent orientation". Yet, it remains to be empirically established whether are at, some other reference surface, several points, being targeted addition to, instead of, point. Recently discovered...

Abstract Background Countries have adopted disparate policies in tackling the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. For example, South Korea started a vigorous campaign to suppress virus by testing patients with respiratory symptoms and tracing isolating all their contacts, many European countries are trying slow down spread of varying degrees shutdowns. There is clearly need for model that can realistically simulate different policy actions impacts on disease health care capacity country or...

Several steering models in the visual science literature attempt to capture strategies curve driving. Some of them are based on points future path (FP), others tangent (TP). It is, however, challenging differentiate between models' predictions real–world contexts. Analysis optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) parameters is one useful measure, as different predict measurably OKN patterns. Here, we directly test this prediction by asking drivers either a) "drive they normally would" or b) "look at TP"....

A major unresolved question in understanding visually guided locomotion humans is whether actions are driven solely by the immediately available optical information (model-free online control mechanisms), or internal models have a role anticipating future path. We designed two experiments to investigate this issue, measuring spontaneous gaze behaviour while steering, and predictive when path was withheld. In Experiment 1 participants (N = 15) steered along winding with rich optic flow:...

We present a computational model of intermittent visual sampling and locomotor control in simple yet representative task car driver following another vehicle. The has number features that take it beyond the current state art modelling natural tasks, driving particular. First, unlike most theoretical models vision science engineering—where is directly based on observable (optical) variables—actions are temporally enduring internal representation. Second, more sophisticated engineering...

Variation in longitudinal control driving has been discussed both traffic psychology and transportation engineering. Traffic psychologists have concerned themselves with "driving style", a habitual form of behavior marked by it's stability, its basis psychological traits. Those working microsimulation searched for quantitative ways to represent different driver-car systems car following models. There unfortunately little overlap or theoretical consistency between these literatures. Here, we...

Abstract It is well-established how visual stimuli and self-motion in laboratory conditions reliably elicit retinal-image-stabilizing compensatory eye movements (CEM). Their organization roles natural-task gaze strategies much less understood: are CEM applied active sampling of information human locomotion the wild? If so, how? And what implications for guidance? Here, we directly compare behavior real world (driving a car) fixed base simulation steering task. A strong quantifiable...

Car following (CF) models used in traffic engineering are often criticized for not incorporating "human factors" well known to affect driving. Some recent work has addressed this by augmenting the CF with Task-Capability Interface (TCI) model, dynamically changing driving parameters as function of driver capability. We examined assumptions these experimentally using a self-paced visual occlusion paradigm simulated car task. The results show strong, approximately one-to-one, correspondence...

In complex dynamic tasks such as driving it is essential to be aware of potentially important targets in peripheral vision. While eye tracking methods various have provided much information about drivers’ gaze strategies, these only inform overt attention and provide limited grounds assess hypotheses concerning covert attention. We adapted the Posner cue paradigm a steering task simulator. The participants were instructed report presence while their was fixed road. aimed see whether how...

Drift diffusion (or evidence accumulation) models have found widespread use in the modelling of simple decision tasks. Extensions these models, which model’s instantaneous drift rate is not fixed but instead allowed to vary over time as a function stream perceptual inputs, account for more complex sensorimotor However, many real-world tasks seemingly rely on myriad even underlying processes. One interesting example task deciding whether cross road with an approaching vehicle. This action...

Current and foreseeable automated vehicles are not able to respond appropriately in all circumstances require human monitoring. An experimental examination of steering automation failure shows that response latency, variability corrective manoeuvring systematically depend on severity the cognitive load driver. The results formalised into a probabilistic predictive model latencies accounts for severity, within between drivers. predicts high rates unsafe outcomes plausible scenarios. These...

When negotiating bends car drivers perform gaze polling: their shifts between guiding fixations (GFs; directed 1-2s ahead) and look-ahead (LAFs; longer time headway). How might this behavior change in autonomous vehicles where the need for constant active visual guidance is removed? In driving simulator study, we analyzed both when driver was charge of steering or delegated to automation, separately bend approach (straight line) entry (turn), at various speeds. The analysis distributions...

Abstract Automated vehicles (AVs) will change the role of driver, from actively controlling vehicle to primarily monitoring it. Removing driver control loop could fundamentally way that drivers sample visual information scene, and in particular, alter gaze patterns generated when under AV control. To better understand how automation affects this experiment used tightly controlled experimental conditions with a series transitions ‘Manual’ ‘Automated’ trials were produced using either ‘Replay’...

Human behavior and interaction in road traffic is highly complex, with many open scientifi?c questions of high applied importance, not least relation to recent development efforts toward automated vehicles. In parallel, decades have seen major advances cognitive neuroscience models human decision-making, but these mainly been simplified laboratory tasks. Here, we demonstrate how variable-drift extensions drift diffusion (or evidence accumulation) decision-making can be adapted the mundane...

When steering a trajectory, we direct our gaze to locations (1–3 s ahead) that want steer through. How and why are these active patterns conducive successful steering? While various sources of visual information have been identified could support control, the role stereotypical during remains unclear. Here, experimental computational approaches combined investigate possible connection between steering: Is there enough in direction it be used isolation through series waypoints? For this, test...

Skillful behavior requires the anticipation of future action requirements. This is particularly true during high-speed locomotor steering where solely detecting and correcting current error insufficient to produce smooth accurate trajectories. Anticipating requirements could be supported using "model-free" prospective signals from scene ahead or might rely instead on model-based predictive control solutions. The present study generated conditions whereby trajectory was specified a breadcrumb...