In this paper, we present a quality-of-transmission (QoT) aware dynamic routing, modulation level, and spectrum assignment scheme referred to as QoT-aware RSA. The proposed RSA has three stages: path computation with level assignment, selection, assignment. Two schemes are presented in the stage namely, modified Dijkstra K-shortest-path algorithms. A closed-form expression is derived model fiber nonlinearity effects impairments of intermediate routers. This utilized estimate network...

To cope with the unprecedented growth of mobile data traffic, we investigate performance gains obtained from unifying coverage-centric 4G networks and capacity-centric fiber-wireless (FiWi) broadband access based on data-centric Ethernet technologies resulting fiber backhaul sharing WiFi offloading capabilities. Despite recent progress backhaul-aware studies capacity-limited links, performance-limiting impact latency reliability has not been examined in sufficient detail previously. In this...

Underwater wireless optical communications are an emerging solution to the expanding demand for broadband links in oceans and seas. In this paper, a cellular underwater code division multiple-access network is proposed provide commercial military applications. The orthogonal codes employed as signature of mobile users. Fundamental key aspects network, such its backhaul architecture, potential applications, design challenges, presented. particular, promising localization positioning scheme...

In this paper, we present a dynamic energy efficient routing and spectrum assignment algorithm with regenerator placement (RP) capability for elastic optical networks. algorithm, virtual graph is considered given network topology graph, whereby the cost functions of computed according to consumption corresponding links intermediates routers. Furthermore, arrived connection request served by finding most energy-efficient path among possible candidate paths. Then, quality transmission (QoT)...

In this paper, the problem of routing, modulation level, core, and spectrum assignment (RMCSA) in space-division-multiplexed elastic optical networks (SDM-EONs) is studied. We formulate as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), which dedicated shared path protection schemes are supported SDM-EONs with multi-core fibers (MCFs) inter-core crosstalk MCFs strictly modeled. Furthermore, an efficient heuristic algorithm proposed to solve RMCSA large scale scenario. Numerical results reveal...

Recently, multi-band elastic optical networks (MB-EONs) have been introduced to increase the transmission capacity of by expanding frequency range beyond conventional C-band (e.g., O-, E-, S-, and L-band). Thus, utilizing idle bands existing standard single mode fibers (SMFs), improvement in MB-EONs is achieved with lower capital expenditure compared other techniques, such as space division multiplexing (SDM) multi-core (MCFs). The routing, modulation level spectrum assignment (RMLSA)...

In this paper, we present an energy-efficient manycast routing and spectrum assignment (EEM-RSA) algorithm in elastic optical networks supporting cloud computing applications. The proposed EEM-RSA is adapted for both static dynamic scenarios. First, integer linear programing formulation derived manycasting assignment; then, the corresponding heuristic methods are proposed. To reduce energy consumption, inactive (idle) elements turned off, heuristic, number of activated minimized. power...

In this paper, we shed some light on the latency and reliability issues of mobile backhaul networks, which have been largely ignored in past, examine their impact LTE-A heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Specifically, propose a backhaul-aware user association algorithm for fiber-wireless (FiWi) enhanced HetNets. The performance limiting factors state-of-the-art fiber infrastructures are highlighted variety solutions described. To mitigate vulnerability against cuts, introduce different...

In this paper, we study the cell planning problem for a two-tier cellular network containing two types of base stations (BSs), i.e., with fiber backhaul, referred to as wired BSs (W-BSs), and wireless unwired-BSs (U-BSs). In-band full-duplex communications is used connect U-BSs W-BSs. We propose an algorithm determine minimum number W-BSs satisfy given capacity coverage constraints. Furthermore, apply our proposed non-dominated sorting genetic II (NSGA-II) solve both joint backhaul minimize...

In this paper, we formulate an integer linear programming (ILP) to perform multicast routing and spectrum assignment (MRSA) in elastic optical networks, which serves jointly a set of requests. formulation, all physical layer restrictions including modulation level assignment, maximum number capable nodes (MCNs), splitting degree (MSD) MCNs, are considered. addition, modify the proposed joint ILP serve requests one-by-one, is referred as separate ILP. Furthermore, present three heuristic...

As elastic optical networks (EONs) are expected to convey high bitrate connections, a failure in these causes vast data losses. Thus, addressing the problem of survivability EONs is great importance. In this paper, an EON with multiclass traffic investigated, where each type needs specific protection mechanism and scheduling strategy. particular, connection request may demand for dedicated path protection, shared backup or restoration mechanism. Besides, it can tolerate pre-determined delay...

Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) are of interest to gather data from underwater nodes (SNs) and deliver information a terrestrial access point (AP) in the uplink transmission, transfer AP SNs downlink transmission. In this paper, we investigate triple-hop UWSN which autonomous vehicle (AUV) unmanned aerial (UAV) relays enable end-to-end communications between AP. It is assumed that SN--AUV, AUV--UAV, UAV--AP links deployed by optical communication (UWOC), free-space optic (FSO), radio...

In this paper, we study the impairment-aware manycast routing, modulation level, and spectrum assignment problem in elastic optical networks. We formulate a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) that serves all given requests at once, referred to as joint MILP. The formulated MILP can be used jointly serve diverse traffic types, i.e., manycast, multicast, anycast, unicast requests. formulation, nonlinear interference noise generated fibers, of amplifiers, limitation maximum splitting degree...

Elastic Optical Network (EON) is a promising solution to address the high capacity, low latency, and flexibility requirements of upcoming 5th-generation (5G) networks. Furthermore, Multi-Core Fibers (MCFs) Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) technique can be utilized overcome capacity limitation conventional Single Mode (SMFs). On other hand, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) an effective security issues in 5G transport In this paper, we investigate performance QKD over elastic optical networks...

Free-space optic (FSO) is a promising solution to provide broadband Internet access for high-speed trains (HSTs). Besides, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) are considered as hardware technology improve performance of optical wireless communication systems. In this paper, we propose RIS-assisted FSO system connectivity HTSs, an upgrade the existing direct and relay-assisted setups. Our motivation mainly based on well-proven results indicating that system, with large enough number RIS...

In this paper, we analyze the exact node- and network-wise operation scenarios in elastic optical networks (EONs). First, busy/idle patterns of spectrum a stand-alone node are modeled by utilizing continuous Markov chain. node-wise perspective, four investigated, which determined based on allocation methods. We present an algorithmic procedure to derive global balance equations corresponding chains for all scenarios. Furthermore, is assessed analyzing end-to-end blocking probability two...

Visible light communication (VLC) uses huge license-free spectral bandwidth of visible for high-speed wireless communication. Since each VLC access point covers a small area, handovers mobile users are inevitable. In order to deal with these handovers, developing fast and effective resource allocation algorithms is challenge. This paper introduces the problem mobility-aware optimization resources in networks using T-step look-ahead policy employing notion handover efficiency. It shown that...

Recently, multi-band elastic optical networks (MB-EONs) have been considered a viable solution to increase the transmission bandwidth in networks. To improve spectral efficiency and reduce blocking ratio, general signal-to-noise ratio (GSNR) as quality-of-transmission (QoT) metric must be accurately calculated routing, modulation level, spectrum assignment algorithms used (EONs). The interference prediction methods commonly for single-band EONs are not efficient case of MB-EONs because...

In this paper, we present a comprehensive model to address three-dimensional resource assignment (3D-RA) in space division multiplexing elastic optical networks using few-mode multi-core fibers (FM-MCFs). Accordingly, new 3D-RA algorithms which the consequential resources include spectrum, modes, and cores. We consider all spectral spatial diversity types FM-MCFs introduce five scenarios including (i) single-mode single-core (SMSC), (ii) (SMMC), (iii) multi-mode (MMSC), (iv) (MMMC), finally,...

In this paper, we present a novel multirate, differentiated quality of service (QoS) optical CDMA (OCDMA) system using multilevel signaling technique. The emphasis is on OCDMA systems employing multi-length variable-weight orthogonal codes (MLVW-OOC) as signature sequence. We begin by presenting two-class in which all users have the same energy level one bit duration. As consequence, high weight transmit their corresponding pulses at lower power while low higher level. show that technique,...

In this paper, we present a novel labeling scheme to provide multiservice path switching in generalized multiprotocol label (GMPLS) network. The idea is based on optical code division multiplexing (OCDM) GMPLS network using multilength variable-weight orthogonal codes(MLVW-OOC) as signature sequences. router architecture of the proposed also presented. To requested service, length and weight codes are designed service characteristics. Furthermore, guarantee desired propose limit number...

In this letter, we propose to implement quantum key distribution (QKD) by using a multi-band strategy. We present thorough noise analysis of quantum-classical coexistence while incorporating all relevant and precise parameters. Our research demonstrates that utilizing the entire extended C-band for transmitting classical channels (CChs) over L-band with bandwidth 75 GHz power 0 dBm yields no communication beyond 13 km. To address problem, utilize C+L-band serve CChs other bands (e.g., O, E,...

In this paper, we study the quality of transmission (QoT) aware routing, modulation level, and resource assignment problem for transparent flexible optical networks over few-mode multi-core fibers. We consider two three-dimensional (3DRA) algorithms, called liberal conservative, that are compatible with fractional joint switching. The three dimensions core, mode, spectrum. Furthermore, analyze modulation-level selection (MLS) algorithms (one on-line one off-line) path (favoring shortest...

In this paper, a new approach toward the optimization of Access Point (AP) placement in cellular Visible light Communication (VLC) networks is proposed based on projected gradient algorithm. The objective optimal problem to maximize average throughput network subject constraints minimum illumination level and rate users. This framework gives enhanced AP deployment case users with static, nomadic, or completely mobile behavior. Taking distribution users, receiver's field view, reflection from...