The advent of commercially available remote-presence robots may be the precursor an age technological convergence, where important tasks our everyday life will increasingly done by robots. A very low roundtrip latency in conjunction with ultra-high reliability and essentially guaranteed availability for control communications has potential to move today's mobile broadband experience into new world Tactile Internet a race (rather than against) machines. To facilitate better understanding...

The integration of renewable energy sources and electrical vehicles (EVs) into microgrids is becoming a popular green approach. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, several incentives are given to use EVs. By using EVs as electricity storage distributed generators (DGs), become more reliable, stable, cost-effective. In this paper, we propose an optimal centralized scheduling method jointly control the consumption home appliances plug-in well discharge latter ones when they have excess energy,...

Multi-tenancy is one of the key features cloud computing, which provides scalability and economic benefits to end-users service providers by sharing same platform its underlying infrastructure with isolation shared network compute resources. However, resource management in context multi-tenant computing becoming most complex task due inherent heterogeneity isolation. This paper proposes a novel cloud-based workflow scheduling (CWSA) policy for compute-intensive applications environments,...

This article provides an up-to-date survey of hybrid fiber-wireless (FiWi) access networks that leverage on the respective strengths optical and wireless technologies converge them seamlessly. FiWi become rapidly mature give rise to new powerful network solutions paradigms. The first overviews state art, enabling future developments networks, respectively, paying particular attention mesh fiber home networks. After briefly reviewing some generic integration approaches EPON WiMAX several...

Optical networks are poised to dominate the access network space in coming years. Ethernet passive optical networks, which leverage ubiquity of at subscriber locations, seem destined for success network. In this article we first provide a brief introduction followed by discussion problem dynamic bandwidth allocation. We then introduce framework classifying allocation schemes and comprehensive survey methods proposed date. conclude with side comparison based on their most prominent...

WDM EPONs not only allow for cautious pay-as-you-grow upgrades of single-channel TDM but also avoid linearly increasing polling cycle times an number ONUS. In this article, we first provide a comprehensive overview the state art and recently reported dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms, including decentralized scheduling schemes. After reviewing previous work on EPONs, address requirements upgraded make recommendations evolutionary upgrade at architecture, protocol, algorithm levels,...

We discuss a wavelength-division-multiplexed-based passive-optical-network (PON) architecture that allows for incremental upgrade from single-channel time-division multiple-access PONs in order to provide higher bandwidth the access network. Various dynamic-wavelength and bandwidth-allocation algorithms (DWBAs) wave-division multiplexed PON are presented; they exploit both interchannel intrachannel statistical multiplexing achieve better performance, especially when load on various channels...

We compile and classify the research work conducted for Ethernet passive optical networks. examine PON architectures dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms. Our classifications provide meaningful insightful presentations of prior on EPONs. The main branches our classification DBA are: grant sizing, scheduling, network unit queue scheduling. further topics QoS support, as well fair allocation. presentation allows those interested in advancing EPON to quickly understand what already was...

Hybrid fiber-wireless (FiWi) access networks aim at combining the huge amount of available bandwidth optical and ubiquity mobility wireless with objective to reduce their cost complexity. This article highlights key enabling as well technologies explains role in emerging FiWi networks. After briefly reviewing previous art, important challenges imperatives for design future network architectures, protocols, algorithms are identified discussed detail.

The expected stringent requirements of future 5G networks such as ultra-low latency, user experience continuity, and high reliability will drive the need for highly localized services within RANs in close proximity to mobile subscribers. In light this, edge computing (MEC) concept has emerged, which aims unite telco, IT, cloud deliver directly from network edge. To facilitate better understanding MEC, this article first discusses its potential service scenarios identifies design challenges...

The advent of Internet Things and 5G applications renders the need for integration both centralized cloud computing emerging mobile-edge (MEC) with existing network infrastructures to enhance storage, processing, caching capabilities in not only but also distributed fashions supporting delay-tolerant mission-critical applications. This paper investigates performance gains MEC enabled integrated fiber-wireless (FiWi) access networks. A novel unified resource management scheme incorporating...

Current Gigabit-class passive optical networks (PONs) evolve into next-generation PONs, whereby high-speed 10+ Gb/s time division multiplexing (TDM) and long-reach wavelength-broadcasting/routing wavelength (WDM) PONs are promising near-term candidates. On the other hand, wireless local area (WLANs) based on frame aggregation techniques will leverage physical-layer enhancements, giving rise to very high throughput (VHT) WLANs. In this paper, we develop an analytical framework for evaluating...

This paper proposes to enhance capacity-centric fiber-wireless (FiWi) broadband access networks based on data-centric Ethernet technologies with computation- and storage-centric cloudlets provide reliable cloud services at the edge of FiWi thereby realize vision mobile-edge computing (MEC). To reduce offload delay prolong battery life devices, a novel cloudlet-aware resource management scheme is proposed that incorporates offloading activities into underlying dynamic bandwidth allocation...

To cope with the unprecedented growth of mobile data traffic, we investigate performance gains obtained from unifying coverage-centric 4G networks and capacity-centric fiber-wireless (FiWi) broadband access based on data-centric Ethernet technologies resulting fiber backhaul sharing WiFi offloading capabilities. Despite recent progress backhaul-aware studies capacity-limited links, performance-limiting impact latency reliability has not been examined in sufficient detail previously. In this...

Historically, research efforts in optical networks have focused on the goal of continuously increasing capacity rather than lowering end-to-end latency. This slowly started to change access environment with post-Next-Generation Passive Optical Network 2 research. The emphasis latency grew importance introduction 5G ultra-reliable and low-latency communication requirements. In this paper, we focus emerging Tactile Internet as one most interesting applications enabling novel immersive...

With the online-everything transformation accelerated by a global Covid-19 pandemic, we may finally find ourselves on verge of next potentially paradigm-shifting step after mobile Internet: The Metaverse. Among others, Metaverse will utilize head-mounted devices (HMDs) and extended reality (XR), including but not limited to virtual augmented (VR/AR), as medium connect avatars users in real world. In addition, is supposed provide gamified experiences around emerging Web 3.0 technologies...

Most of the patients with congenital heart diseases express atrial myosin light chain 1 (ALC-1) in right ventricle. We investigated functional consequences ALC-1 expression on cycling kinetics intact sarcomeric structure using multicellular demembranated fibers ("skinned fibers") from ventricular infundibulum Tetralogy Fallot (TOF), double outlet ventricle (DORV), and infundibular pulmonary stenosis (IPS), Force-velocity relation was analyzed by constant-load technique at maximal Ca2+...

We propose a hybrid optical-wireless access network that consists of reconfigurable optical backhaul and wireless mesh networks (WMNs). The complementary characteristics are combined to provide broadband ubiquitous last-mile connection. Wireless routers deployed penetrate the vicinity end users for flexible It eliminates massive geographically scattered deployment physical infrastructure reach users. ring multiple tree networks, connecting central hub WMNs. ends connect gateway A...

We survey the current trends in OCDMA and optical coding through their applications. Although a prerequisite for OCDMA, distinguishes itself from major applications where codes are not applied to data carry network-level information other than user identity. After introducing principles of coding, we discuss its applications, particularly PON. Optical then reviewed.

We provide a comprehensive survey of packet-switched ring metro WDM networks. first review current standardization and testbed activities, then we categorization structure our according to classification the medium access control (MAC) protocols employed in Throughout article pay close attention key factors that govern throughput-delay performance networks, such as source vs. destination stripping data packets from priori or posteriori strategies. also consider fairness aspects QoS support

Tryptase, the major neutral protease of human pulmonary mast cell secretory granules, rapidly inactivates high m.w. kininogen (HMWK) in vitro. HMWK (5600 nM) lost 50% its capacity to release kinin response kallikrein after a 5-min incubation with tryptase (31 nM), even though activity was neither generated nor, when bradykinin incubated tryptase, destroyed by tryptase. The procoagulant (51 and purified chain (40 that is derived from were each 72% inactivated 7 min (0.04 nM 0.02 nM,...

Passive optical networks (PONs) are currently evolving into next-generation PONs (NG-PONs) which aim at achieving higher data rates, wavelength channel counts, number of network units (ONUs), and extended coverage compared to their conventional counterparts. Due the increased stages ONUs, NG-PONs face significant challenges provide same level survivability like without exceeding budget constraints cost-sensitive access networks. Toward this end, partial protection, in combination with...

As PONs carry increasing amounts of data, issues relating to their protection and maintenance are becoming crucial. In-service monitoring the PON's fiber infrastructure is a powerful enabling tool those ends, number techniques have been proposed, some them based on optical time-domain reflectometry. In this work we address required features PON review major candidate technologies. We highlight limitations standard adapted OTDR as well non-OTDR schemes. Among proposed optical-layer schemes,...

Building on the Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) and Gigabit PON (GPON) standards, Next-Generation (NG) PONs (i) provide increased data rates, split ratios, wavelengths counts, fiber lengths, as well (ii) allow for all-optical integration of access metro networks. In this paper we a comprehensive probabilistic analysis capacity (maximum mean packet throughput) delay subnetworks that can be used to form NG-PONs. Our cover wide range NG-PONs through taking minimum forming NG-PON...

While the primary focus of 5G has been on industry verticals, future 6G mobile networks are anticipated to become more human-centered. Emerging cyber-physical-social systems (CPSSs) aim at functionally integrating human beings into today's cyber-physical social, cognitive, and physical levels. CPSSs instrumental in realizing human-centered Society 5.0 vision. envisions increasingly interacting with social robots embodied artificial intelligence their daily lives. In this article, we build...