MPEG-4 and H.263 encoded video is expected to account for a large portion of the traffic in future wireline wireless networks. However, due lack sufficiently long frame size traces videos, most network performance evaluations currently use MPEG-1 encodings. We present study publicly available library which we have generated at Technical University Berlin. The been from encodings over 10 sequences each 60 minutes long. conduct thorough statistical analysis traces.

With the increasing demand for video-based applications, reliable prediction of video quality has increased in importance. Numerous assessment methods and metrics have been proposed over past years with varying computational complexity accuracy. In this paper, we introduce a classification scheme full-reference reduced-reference media-layer objective methods. Our first classifies method according to whether natural visual characteristics or perceptual (human system) are considered. We...

Many network applications, e.g., industrial control, demand Ultra-Low Latency (ULL). However, traditional packet networks can only reduce the end-to-end latencies to order of tens milliseconds. The IEEE 802.1 Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) standard and related research studies have sought provide link layer support for ULL networking, while emerging IETF Deterministic (DetNet) standards seek complementary support. This article provides an up-to-date comprehensive survey TSN DetNet studies....

A wireless sensor network with multimedia capabilities typically consists of data nodes, which sense, for instance, sound or motion, and video capture events interest. In this survey, we focus on the encoding at sensors real-time transport encoded to a base station. Real-time streams have stringent requirements end-to-end delay loss during transport. categorize traffic each layer protocol stack further classify mechanisms that been proposed streaming in networks stack. Specifically, consider...

Traditional power grids are currently being transformed into smart (SGs). SGs feature multi-way communication among energy generation, transmission, distribution, and usage facilities. The reliable, efficient, intelligent management of complex systems requires integration high-speed, secure data information technology the to monitor regulate generation usage. Despite several challenges, such as trade-offs between wireless coverage capacity well limited spectral resources in SGs, is a...

The emerging software defined networking (SDN) paradigm separates the data plane from control and centralizes network in an SDN controller. Applications interact with controllers to implement services, such as transport quality of service. facilitates virtualization functions so that multiple virtual networks can operate over a given installed physical infrastructure. Due specific characteristics optical (photonic) communication components high transmission capacities, SDN-based poses...

Rising energy costs, losses in the present-day electricity grid, risks from nuclear power generation, and global environmental changes are motivating a transformation of conventional ways generating electricity. Globally, there is desire to rely more on renewable resources (RERs) for generation. RERs reduce greenhouse gas emissions may have economic benefits, e.g., through applying demand side management with dynamic pricing so as shift loads fossil fuel-based generators RERs. The grid...

Software defined networking (SDN) decouples the control plane from data of forwarding devices. This separation provides several benefits, including simplification network management and control. However, due to a variety reasons, such as budget constraints fear downtime, many organizations are reluctant fully deploy SDN. Partially deploying SDN through placement limited number devices among legacy (traditional) devices, forms so called hybrid network. While networks provide benefits have...

Software defined networking (SDN) has emerged as a promising paradigm for making the control of communication networks flexible. SDN separates data packet forwarding plane, i.e., from plane and employs central controller. Network virtualization allows flexible sharing physical resources by multiple users (tenants). Each tenant runs its own applications over virtual network, slice actual network. The promises to allow leverage combined benefits network therefore attracted significant research...

Wireless networks with their ubiquitous applications have become an indispensable part of our daily lives. demand more and spectral resources to support the ever increasing numbers users. According network engineers, current spectrum crunch can be addressed introduction cognitive radio (CRNs). In half-duplex (HD) CRNs, secondary users (SUs) either only sense or transmit at a given time. This HD operation limits SU throughput, because SUs cannot during sensing. However, advances in...

Multi-access edge computing (MEC) has recently been proposed to aid mobile end devices in providing compute- and data-intensive services with low latency. Growing service demands by the may overwhelm MEC installations, while cost constraints limit increases of installed data storage capacities. At same time, ever increasing computation capabilities capacities are valuable resources that can be utilized enhance MEC. This article comprehensively surveys topic area device-enhanced MEC, i.e.,...

A 5G campus network is a for the users affiliated with organization, e.g., an industrial campus, covering prescribed geographical area. can operate as so-called non-stand-alone (NSA) (which requires 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) spectrum access) or standalone (SA) (without LTE access). networks are envisioned to enable new use cases, which require cyclic delay-sensitive communication, such robot control. We design rigorous testbed measuring one-way packet delays between end device via radio...

Video traffic is widely expected to account for a large portion of the in future wireline and wireless networks, as multimedia applications are becoming increasingly popular. Consequently, performance evaluation networking architectures, protocols, mechanisms video becomes important. traces, which give sizes, deadlines, qualities individual frames sequence, have been emerging convenient characterizations studies. In this tutorial we an introduction use traces First brief overview digital its...

Optical networks are poised to dominate the access network space in coming years. Ethernet passive optical networks, which leverage ubiquity of at subscriber locations, seem destined for success network. In this article we first provide a brief introduction followed by discussion problem dynamic bandwidth allocation. We then introduce framework classifying allocation schemes and comprehensive survey methods proposed date. conclude with side comparison based on their most prominent...

The performance evaluation of video transport mechanisms becomes increasingly important as encoded accounts for growing portions the network traffic. Compared to widely studied MPEG-4 video, recently adopted H.264 coding standards include novel mechanisms, such hierarchical B frame prediction structures and highly efficient quality scalable coding, that have implications transport. This tutorial introduces a trace-based methodology video. We first give an overview then present trace...

WDM EPONs not only allow for cautious pay-as-you-grow upgrades of single-channel TDM but also avoid linearly increasing polling cycle times an number ONUS. In this article, we first provide a comprehensive overview the state art and recently reported dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms, including decentralized scheduling schemes. After reviewing previous work on EPONs, address requirements upgraded make recommendations evolutionary upgrade at architecture, protocol, algorithm levels,...

We compile and classify the research work conducted for Ethernet passive optical networks. examine PON architectures dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms. Our classifications provide meaningful insightful presentations of prior on EPONs. The main branches our classification DBA are: grant sizing, scheduling, network unit queue scheduling. further topics QoS support, as well fair allocation. presentation allows those interested in advancing EPON to quickly understand what already was...

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> The recently developed H.264/AVC video codec with Scalable Video Coding (SVC) extension, compresses non-scalable (single-layer) and scalable significantly more efficiently than MPEG-4 Part 2. Since the traffic characteristics of encoded have a significant impact on its network transport, we examine bit rate-distortion rate variability-distortion performance single-layer SVC extension using long...

A variety of communication networks, such as industrial systems, have to provide strict delay guarantees the carried flows. Fast and close optimal quality service (QoS) routing algorithms, e.g., delay-constrained leastcost (DCLC) are required for flows in networks with requirements. The emerging software-defined networking (SDN) paradigm centralizes network control SDN controllers that can centrally execute QoS algorithms. wide range algorithms been proposed literature examined individual...

In 3 experiments, we examined the effects of using concrete and/or abstract visual problem representations during instruction on students' problem-solving practice, near transfer, representations, and learning perceptions. Experiments 1 2, novice students learned about electrical circuit analysis with an instructional program that included worked-out practice problems represented (Group A), C), or diagrams AC), whereby cover stories were in Group A Groups C AC. Experiment added a 4th...

The IEEE 802.1 time sensitive networking working group has recently standardized the aware shaper (TAS). TAS provides deterministic latency guarantees but requires tight synchronization in all network switches. This paper thoroughly evaluates mean and maximum packet delays losses of for a typical industrial control ring random (sporadic) periodic traffic. We propose evaluate adaptive bandwidth sharing slotted window mechanisms to make traffic fluctuations. further asynchronous (ATS), which...

Abstract An experiment examined the effects of visual signalling to relevant information in multiple external representations and presence an animated pedagogical agent ( APA ). Students learned electric circuit analysis using a computer‐based learning environment that included C artesian graphs, equations diagrams. The was 2 (visual signalling, no signalling) × presence, presence) between‐subjects design, resulting four experimental conditions: with + S ), without ) Signalling provided via...

Current Gigabit-class passive optical networks (PONs) evolve into next-generation PONs, whereby high-speed 10+ Gb/s time division multiplexing (TDM) and long-reach wavelength-broadcasting/routing wavelength (WDM) PONs are promising near-term candidates. On the other hand, wireless local area (WLANs) based on frame aggregation techniques will leverage physical-layer enhancements, giving rise to very high throughput (VHT) WLANs. In this paper, we develop an analytical framework for evaluating...

Software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) processed in multi-access edge computing (MEC) cloud systems have been proposed as critical paradigms for achieving the low latency requirements of tactile Internet. While virtual functions (VNFs) allow greater flexibility compared to hardware-based solutions, VNF abstraction also introduces additional packet processing delays. In this paper, we investigate practical feasibility NFV with respect Internet...