A5057018521- Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
- Surgical Sutures and Adhesives
- Insect and Pesticide Research
- Trauma, Hemostasis, Coagulopathy, Resuscitation
- Immunotoxicology and immune responses
- Hemostasis and retained surgical items
- Animal testing and alternatives
- Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Burn Injury Management and Outcomes
- Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
- Forensic Entomology and Diptera Studies
- Global Peace and Security Dynamics
- Bee Products Chemical Analysis
- Inflammatory mediators and NSAID effects
- Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
- Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
- Skin Protection and Aging
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia
- Phenothiazines and Benzothiazines Synthesis and Activities
- Human Health and Disease
Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
2008-2023
University of Birmingham
2009-2017
Salisbury University
2003-2014
To support the effort to eliminate Syrian Arab Republic chemical weapons stockpile safely, there was a requirement provide scientific advice based on experimentally derived information both toxicity and medical countermeasures (MedCM) in event of exposure VM, VX or VM-VX mixtures. Complementary vitro vivo studies were undertaken inform that advice. The penetration rate neat VM not significantly different from VX, through either guinea pig skin vitro. presence did affect mixtures various...
The purpose of this study was to characterize the skin absorption and distribution VX (Oethyl–S–[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate) in domestic pig order evaluate animal as a potential model for assessing pretreatments against toxic anti–cholinesterase compounds. A liquid droplet (equivalent 2 LD 50 dose) radiolabelled applied inner ear–skin each anaesthetized animal. Blood tissue samples (liver, lung, kidney, heart exposure sites) were obtained post–mortem. amount...
Nerve agents are a class of organophosphorus chemicals that inhibit certain cholinesterase enzymes (ChE). If untreated, percutaneous exposure to nerve agents, such as VX (O-ethyl-S-[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate) can cause paralysis, apnoea and death. Much the information concerning absorption subsequent toxicity has been obtained using various rodent models. However, most relevant ‘skin model’ is arguably pig. Therefore, purpose this study was examine clinical...
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy a novel barrier cream formulation at reducing percutaneous toxicity 2×LD 50 liquid challenge nerve agent (VX). conducted in vitro and vivo using domestic pig. Pretreatment (inner ear skin) exposure site with eliminated mortality, reduced cholinesterase inhibition prevented any physiological or biochemical signs intoxication. In contrast, untreated animals exposed VX exhibited severe intoxication, near total AChE generally died...
Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that barrier creams, comprising perfluorinated polymers, are effective against the chemical warfare agent sulphur mustard (SM) when evaluated using human skin vitro. The purpose of this follow-up study was to further evaluate three candidate (perfluorinated) creams SM (vapour) domestic white pig. severity and progression resulting lesions were quantified daily for weeks post-exposure biophysical measurements transepidermal water loss...
Abstract The risk of penetrating, traumatic injury occurring in a chemically contaminated environment cannot be discounted. Should with chemical warfare (CW) agent, it is likely that standard haemostatic treatment options would complicated by the need to decontaminate wound milieu. Thus, there develop products can simultaneously arrest haemorrhage and CW agents. purpose this study was evaluate number candidate haemostats for efficacy as skin decontaminants against three agents (soman, VX...
The in vitro percutaneous penetration of the nerve agent VX through pig skin was measured absence and presence water or artificial sweat to determine impact such conditions might have on rates. Experiments were performed with Franz-type glass diffusion cells containing dermatomed as a surrogate for human skin. receptor fluid used 50% aqueous ethanol. 14C labelled applied surface under infinite finite dosing regular sampling up 24 h. Penetration from solutions showed maximal steady state rate...
Previous studies have demonstrated that haemostatic products with an absorptive mechanism of action retain their clotting efficiency in the presence toxic materials and are effective decontaminating chemical warfare (CW) agents when applied to normal, intact skin. The purpose this vitro study was assess three candidate for effectiveness decontamination superficially damaged porcine skin exposed radiolabelled CW agents, soman (GD), VX sulphur mustard (HD). Controlled physical damage (removal...
Abstract This study used a damaged skin, porcine model to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of WoundStat™ for decontamination superficial (non‐haemorrhaging), sulphur mustard‐contaminated wounds. The dorsal skin 12 female pigs was subjected controlled physical damage and exposed 10 μL 14 C–radiolabelled mustard ( C–SM). Animals were randomly assigned either control or treatment group. In latter, applied 30 s post exposure left situ 1 h. Skin lesion progression decontaminant quantified over 6 h...
Abstract This study used a damaged skin, porcine model to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of WoundStat™ for decontamination superficial, nerve agent‐contaminated wounds. Anaesthetized animals were randomly assigned either control ( n = 7), no 12) or treatment groups. Pigs exposed 5× LD 50 dose neat, radiolabelled S ‐[2‐(diisopropylamino)ethyl]‐ O ‐ethyl methyl‐phosphonothioate (VX; equivalent volume sterile saline group) via an area superficially skin on ear. was applied at 30 seconds...
Percutaneous vapor dosing studies have generally used saturated concentration (SVC) measurements to estimate the exposure dose (Ct) of produced from a volatile liquid within closed system. The purpose this study was clarify whether assumption valid when translated biological system (pig skin) using sulfur mustard (SM) as model skin penetrant. Three systems were evaluated, two containing and control (without skin). At set time points, samples headspace each extracted gas-tight syringe...
Abstract The treatment of penetrating, haemorrhaging injuries sustained within a hazardous environment may be complicated by contamination with toxic chemicals. There are currently no specific medical countermeasures for such injuries. Haemostats an absorbent mechanism action have the potential to simultaneously stop bleeding and decontaminate wounds. However, primary requirement ‘haemostatic decontaminant’ is retention clotting function in presence chemical contaminants. Thus, aim this...
The aim of this study was to evaluate a candidate haemostat (WoundStat™), down-selected from previous in vitro studies, for efficacy as potential skin decontaminant against the chemical warfare agent pinacoyl methylfluorophosphonate (Soman, GD) using an vivo pig model.An area approximately 3 cm2 dermatomed dorsal ear nominal depth 100 µm. A discrete droplet 14C-GD (300 µg kg-1) applied directly onto surface damaged at centre dosing site. Animals assigned treatment group were given 2 g...