Abstract New automated observation systems for use in passenger aircraft to measure atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other trace species have been developed are described this paper. The Continuous CO2 Measuring Equipment (CME) is composed mainly of a nondispersive infrared analyzer, datalogger, two calibration cylinders situ measurements. Automatic Air Sampling (ASE), on the hand, designed flask sampling; instrument, connected metal bellows pump, made up specially control board can...

The dual frequency radio signals of the Global Positioning System (GPS) allow measurements total number electrons, called electron content (TEC), along a ray path from GPS satellite to receiver. We have developed new technique construct two-dimensional maps absolute TEC over Japan by using data more than 1000 receivers. A least squares fitting procedure is used remove instrumental biases inherent in and Two-dimensional vertical are derived with time resolution 30 seconds spatial 0.15° ×...

We have investigated statistical characteristics of the nighttime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) observed in 630‐nm airglow images at two stations, Rikubetsu (43.5°N, 34.8°MLAT) and Shigaraki (34.9°N, 25.4°MLAT), Japan for 1998–2000 near solar maximum period. Most MSTIDs propagate southwestward images. The typical wavelength, velocity, period, amplitude are 100–300 km, 50–100 m/s, 0.5–1.5 h, 5–15%, respectively. Seasonal variations these parameters not clear....

We report for the first time simultaneous observations of medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) at geomagnetic conjugate points in both hemispheres, using two all‐sky airglow imagers midlatitudes. A 630‐nm CCD imager Sata, Japan, detected MSTIDs with a wavefront elongated from NW to SE on night August 9, 2002. During this event, SW NE were observed point, Darwin, Australia. To investigate conjugacy MSTID structures, Darwin images mapped The structures its magnetic along...

We report a dynamical study on the photoinduced cooperative changes of spin configurations in single crystals organometal spin-crossover complex. In photoswitching process between low- and high-spin states, nonlinear characteristics such as thresholdlike behavior, incubation period, phase separation have been observed. These results demonstrate that intersystem crossing mediated by spin-lattice interaction plays key role driving new class nonequilibrium phenomena so called transition.

The Optical Mesosphere Thermosphere Imagers (OMTI) have been developed to investigate the dynamics of upper atmosphere through nocturnal airglow emissions. OMTI consist an imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer, three all-sky cooled-CCD cameras, tilting photometers, and a Spectral Airglow Temperature Imager (SATI) with two container houses install them in. These instruments measure wind, temperature 2-dimensional patterns in at multi-wavelengths OI (557.7 nm 630.0 nm), OH (6–2) bands, O2 (0, 1)...

The variational approach initiated by Gutzwiller is extended to include antiferromagnetism. A simplified assumption corresponding that adopted him used in order evaluate the ground state energy of Hubbard model and draw phase diagram similar those constructed Penn on basis Hartree-Fock approximation. It found antiferromagnetic restricted a narrow region bounded threshold values for both coupling constant electron density. For sufficiently large intraatomic repulsion paramagnetic becomes more...

Abstract We review measurements of nighttime atmospheric/ionospheric waves in the upper atmosphere Japan, Indonesia, and Australia, using all-sky airglow imagers optical mesosphere thermosphere (OMTIs). The observe two-dimensional patterns emissions from oxygen (wavelength: 557.7 nm) hydroxyl (OH) (near-infrared band) mesopause region (80–100 km) (630.0 thermosphere/ionosphere (200–300 km). Several statistical studies were done to investigate propagation characteristics small-scale (less...

We theoretically investigate mechanisms of higher-order harmonic generation in solid-state materials under a high-intensity ac electric field. A new theoretical framework presented this Letter holds the legitimacy Bloch's theorem even influence field and provides an exact treatment diabatic processes Bloch electrons. Utilizing framework, we first discovered that processes, namely, Zener tunneling semimetallization semiconductors, are key factors for nonperturbative HHG. These classified by...

We have investigated a nighttime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID) observed by an airglow imager at Shigaraki (34.9°N, 25.4°MLAT), Japan, on 17 May 2001. The structure was identified in the images of OI (630.0 nm and 777.4 nm) as NW‐SE band structures (horizontal wavelength: 230 km) moving southwestward with velocity 50 m/s. Neutral wind measured simultaneously from Doppler shift 630.0‐nm emission Fabry‐Perot interferometer Shigaraki. From these parameters, we performed...

We report for the first time large‐scale equatorial F ‐region airglow depletions extending to low‐midlatitudes in both hemispheres. The observational sites were located at low‐midlatitude geomagnetic conjugate points. Clear of 630.0‐nm intensity due plasma bubbles simultaneously observed with two all‐sky imagers Sata, Japan (magnetic latitude 24°N), and its point, Darwin, Australia 22°S), on night November 12, 2001. Airglow depletion regions east‐west scale sizes 40–100 km extend poleward....

Using global positioning system (GPS) data taken from the International GNSS Service (IGS), we investigated total electron content (TEC) perturbations associated with medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). We analyzed TEC four or five GPS receivers in each of six regions (Japan, Europe, eastern United States, western Australia, and South America) 3 years (1998, 2000, 2001). To derive perturbation components ( I ′), subtracted 1‐hour running average form time sequence for...

The F ‐region Radio and Optical measurement of Nighttime TID (FRONT) campaign was conducted to clarify the non‐classical features traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) at mid‐latitudes in May, 1998 August, 1999. A cluster all‐sky CCD cameras a GPS receiver network observed wide area ionosphere over Japan detect spatial structure temporal evolution TIDs. propagation direction nighttime detected during FRONT periods is restricted southwest. time their amplitude indicates that intensified...

We report on simultaneous observations of very high frequency (VHF) radar backscatter from field‐aligned irregularities (FAI) in the E region and medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTID) 630‐nm airglow images. On night 6 August 2002, powerful 46.5‐MHz middle upper atmosphere (MU) with five beam directions at Shigaraki, Japan, observed typical quasiperiodic (QP) echoes FAI region. During this QP echo event, an all‐sky charge‐coupled device imager MU site detected MSTID The also...

Abstract We report the response of ionosphere to large earthquake that occurred in West Sumatra, Indonesia, at 0058 UT on December 26, 2004. have analyzed Global Positioning System (GPS) data obtained two sites Sumatra and three Thailand investigate total electron content (TEC) variations. Between 14 40 min after earthquake, TEC enhancements 1.6–6.9 units (TECU) were observed subionospheric points located 360–2000 km north epicenter. From time delays enhancements, we find propagated...

It is predicted with use of a simplified model that Fabry-Perot cavity filled atoms Zeeman sublevels in the ground state should exhibit optical tristability via pumping. For linearly polarized incident light, three stable states appear polarization transmitted light; ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{+}$ dominant, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{-}}$ and linear polarizations. This discussed context butterfly catastrophe.

We have been conducting observations of aurora and geomagnetic pulsations at Athabasca, Canada, located a subauroral latitude (magnetic latitude: 62°, L ∼ 4.6), using an all‐sky imager induction magnetometer. Isolated auroral arcs wavelengths 557.7 nm, 630.0 486.1 nm (H β ) were often observed latitudes separated equatorward from the main oval. From 1‐year observation (4 September 2005 to 3 2006), we found 13 isolated arc events. All these occurred coincidentally with Pc 1 pulsations,...

We present midlatitude medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) observed with a Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) HF radar at around 10 MHz in Hokkaido, Japan, combination 630‐nm all‐sky imager and GPS network (GEONET) that provides total electron content (TEC) data. MSTIDs propagating southward from high latitudes are detected first the then GEONET. analyze two MSTID events, one winter (event 1) other summer 2), to find appear simultaneously, least, 55°–25°N. It...

Abstract Supply of safe fresh water is currently one the most important global issues. Membranes technologies are essential to treat efficiently with low costs and energy consumption. Here, development self‐organized nanostructured treatment membranes based on ionic liquid crystals composed ammonium, imidazolium, pyridinium moieties reported. preserved 1D or 3D sub‐nanopores obtained by photopolymerization columnar bicontinuous cubic crystals. These show salt rejection ability, ion...

The possibility of the new class ferroelectric materials wurtzite structure simple chalcogenide was discussed using modern first-principles calculation technique. Ferroelectricity in (P63mc) can be understood by distortion from centrosymmetric P63/mmc relative displacement cation against anion along c-axis. Calculated potential surface these compounds shows typical double well between two polar variants. barriers for polarization switching were estimated to 0.25 eV/f.u. ZnO. It is slightly...

Southwestward-propagating medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) observed over Shigaraki (34.85°N, 136.10°E) in Japan on the night of May 22, 1998 are analyzed detail. The MSTIDs were detected with a 630.0 nm (OI) all-sky imager at and large number GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers distributed around Shigaraki. Each receiver provided total electron content (TEC) between altitude (20,200 km) ground. MSTID amplitudes varied space time, showed decay enhancement during...

This paper reports the first attempt to observe equatorward limit of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) in middle latitudes. The TIDs usually propagate southwestward northern hemisphere. An all-sky cooled-CCD imager measured 630-nm airglow at a southern island Japan, Okinawa (26.9°N, 128.3°E, geomagnetic latitude (MLAT) = 17.0°), during FRONT-2 campaign August 4–15, 1999. were detected mainland Japan (∼21°–36° MLAT) by total electron content (TEC) observations more than...

Photocatalytic water splitting reaction attracts considerable attention owing to their potential application generate H2 gas from H2O by using solar energy. However, further activity enhancement is indispensable for industrial use. Various approaches have been adopted improve its activity; however, as these defects and impurities are the main obstacles that reduce quantum efficiency (QE), fabrication of fine crystals with low has essential improvement. Here, we found Zn Ca core–shell double...

In the winter and spring of 2002, airborne ground‐based measurements O 3 , aerosols, their precursors were made in eastern western North Pacific regions. Three field studies conducted by an international team scientists collaborating as part Intercontinental Transport Chemical Transformation (ITCT) program, activity International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) project Geosphere‐Biosphere Program (IGBP). Previous have indicated that transport Asian emissions across Ocean influences...

The third FRONT (F‐region Radio and Optical measurement of Nighttime TID) campaign was carried out during the new‐moon period May–June 2003, in order to investigate geomagnetic conjugacy medium‐scale large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs/LSTIDs) at midlatitudes. Seven all‐sky airglow imagers were operated Japan Australia. For almost all clear‐sky nights, we observed MSTIDs 630‐nm images with horizontal wavelengths 100–400 km propagating southwestward northwestward All them...