This study examined the changes in properties of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) after intense drying. Beech with false red heartwood was selected as test specimen. The samples had dimensions 50 mm thickness, 180 width, and 350 length. specimens were divided into two groups, sapwood. These different angles growth rings (radial tangential). results showed that heartwood, comparison to sapwood content, a remarkable effect covering. Observation before drying process revealed significant...

The influence of the impregnation process pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) samples on electrical resistance changes and moisture-content measurement accuracy is presented in this paper. In study, resistances impregnated nonimpregnated green timber harvested from northern Poland were compared. An method based a vacuum-pressure chamber was used. Copper salts applied as solutions. obtained results comparison showed dependence moisture content. Higher conductivity occurred filled with copper salt...

Abstract The technology of high temperature drying has a great influence on dimensional and selected physical changes in tension wood. Article is focused the measurement properties such as moisture content, color longitudinal warping. quality beech wood determined based structure wood, frequency defects material. considered an important defect causing negative alterations solid limits industrial application different values warping which were measured after higher than normal Impact radial...

The results of experimental research on the colour changes beech wood at different depths tested layer are presented. Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) dried in a conventional kiln was tested. Half samples were steamed prior to drying process. Colour measured various after face milling process used remove material expose deeper surface. based three-axis CIELAB system, recommended by CIE (Comission Internationale de l'Eclairage) and according ISO 11664-2 11664-4 standards. As result analysis, four...

Beech wood has a high frequency of defects such as red heartwood, reaction (tension wood). For the experimental measurements four logs without visible like which can noticeably affects measurements' results were qualified. The drying medium temperature in first phase process before moisture content specimens fell below FSP was maintained at 45 °C. Then, gradually increased to maximum value 65 showed that different initial does not affect final tension and normal wood. colorimetric parameter...

Structure of wood can affect intensity color change in remarkable ways. This article was focused on the analysis changes red false heartwood and mature by different methods such as ΔE* (Total difference), h* (Hue angle), C*ab (Color saturation) Sab (Saturation). The aim this study to evaluate properties using chromacity coordinates. Our observations suggested that density absolute dry state equal between wood. biggest difference area free water domain, thus from an initial MC value fiber...

The thermal treatment of wood changes its structure due to the degradation polymers (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin), so physical properties are either improved or degraded. Color apply not only natural wood, but also such composites for which some amount glue is used in their construction (e.g., plywood, blockboard laminboard). This article focused on analysis hornbeam field maple color influenced by drying temperature. Two types modes were used: hot-air mode where temperature...

The drying process was examined relative to parameters’ influence on the deformation and surface layer color changes of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) oak (Quercus robur L.). goal analyze impact conditions, growth rings types, load thin wooden elements. A further aim reduce time lamella minimize products defects. During each drying, 40 pieces were dried, divided into two groups. For first group, 30 dried under a uniformly distributed approximately 50 kg, while for second 10 samples without...

The cost of raw materials has a major role in the wood industry. From this point view, it is necessary to pay attention correct log-sawing pattern, which will optimize sawing process and increase quantity quality material as well. For measurements, we used beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Beech L.) most common species Slovak Republic; total amount forests 34.8%. high frequency defects, such red false heartwood, reaction (i.e., tension wood), dote, cracks, so on. This research aimed analyze effect...

The bark as a product of the dividing wood and cork cambium consists set protective layers cells, which protect living tissue (cambium) from external environment separate wood. structure component tree is completely different This article describes testing adhesion wood/bark in longitudinal tangential anatomical direction during dormant growing season on three choice species (oak, beech, spruce). results show remarkable influence direction, well period vegetation (dormant or season). All had...

The mechanical properties of wood have remarkable influence on its use in buildings. improvement the enables reduction cross-sections structural elements, particularly increase their load. paper deals with change beech through process contact drying. Plate pressures 1.0, 1.4, and 1.6 MPa at a temperature 160 °C were used. It was found that drying increased bending strength by more than 30% compared to convection value Brinell’s hardness measured surface samples 80 98% after drying, values...

Spiral grains are one of the most important tree growth defects that can remarkably affect shape stability lumber. This defect is observed by an oblique arrangement axially oriented cell elements in wood. research focused on identifying and measuring selected changes caused spiral log. Hornbeam logs with grain no aged 60 52 years were to detect changes. Following norms STN EN 1309-3 (49 1013), DIN (4074-5), ASTM D245, it be stated essential factor affecting hornbeam In case lumber grain,...

Wood is subject to various environmental conditions during its processing, with temperatures being one of the most relevant material’s behaviour. The heating process drying crucial for both final quality dried wood and heat consumption. As first stage process, it essential achieve adequate overheating in middle thickness without causing damage. present article focuses on influence pine freezing warm-air process. Similarity theory was applied theoretical calculation time frozen wood, where...

The production of edge-glued boards is one the possibilities using European beech wood for products with higher added value. highly abundant in forests Central Europe, but it a species that has specific characteristics affect efficiency processing. dimensions and quality raw material are determined by standard. This study analyzes influence on quantitative qualitative yield during cross-sections used to produce boards. Results show effect class (raw quality) quantity timber produced not...

In wood processing, is exposed to an environmental temperature of less than 0 °C for some time, which mainly occurs during the air drying in winter months, or when lumber stored piles outdoors before kiln process. these cases, freezing process increases degree wood, subsequently significantly affecting its heating further processing (for example, cutting process). The most common method by humid air, hot wood. We analyzed profiles on a cross-section and moisture losses due size gradients....

Reaction wood is a defect arising during the growth of tree in part trunk that under tension (hardwood species) or compression (coniferous species). Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) has different anatomical and chemical characteristics than normal (opposite) wood. The difference density conditioned by percentage gelatinous layer (G-layer). Fibre cells reaction beech have cell wall structure composition. Tension cannot be detected naked eye. It only possible to assume its occurrence based on...

The color changes of compression and opposite spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) wood were evaluated as a function different drying conditions. Compression samples their corresponding from the part log compared after three modes. before was characterized using coordinates L*, a*, b*, C*ab, C, h*, Sab, difference (ΔE*) in standard space according to International Commission on Illumination (CIELAB). temperature most remarkable factor for discoloration samples. lightness (L*) decreased with...

Reaction wood is characterized by having different anatomical and chemical features than normal wood. The composition of cell walls, the higher quantitative proportion thick-wall fiber cells, diameter, abundance vessels have remarkable effects on reaction wood’s physical mechanical properties. has fewer vascular cells. In addition, it a smaller lumen which results in reduced permeability. Therefore, more difficult to dry at certain moisture content. differences drying times were largest...

Red false heartwood is a defect that largely influences the quality of beech wood and formed by air penetration into mature wood. The in zone accelerates process parenchyma dying initiates formation red substances tyloses. For this study, selections suitable logs were made immediately after logging trees on same day. first log was chosen without any type heartwood, second with healthy heartwood. drying schedule divided two phases. After these measurements it concluded had remarkably lower...

Beech wood is mainly used for furniture, plywood, decorative veneer manufacturing or packaging. Timber lumber traditionally dried in kilns by processes often taking several weeks. This research deals with more rapid process called contact-drying process. Drying was performed using the heating plates a temperature of 160 °C and pressures 1.0 MPa, 1.4 MPa 1.8 MPa. The results were compared to conventional warm-air drying. drying mode divided into two phases, without free water bound wood....

Abstract The subject of this paper is the analysis influence laser cutting oak wood on its drying process. research was comparison process and quality dried in samples cut by classical technology (sawing) with use laser. carried out two sets which were subjected to an identical Continuous moisture loss final attained, gradients before after drying, internal tensions monitored means fork test cut-test. content at end 8.09% for saw-cut 8.22% laser-cut samples, a difference only 0.13%....

This study focused on the impact of wood sawing pattern 50 mm thick beech timber, followed by cross-cutting 3 m long, × blanks. The analyzed two methods cutting patterns blanks (parallel to surface timber and parallel grain fiber timber) regarding yield values size longitudinal warping after air-drying. were higher (from 65.14 72.70 %) when producing long using method timber’s axis (B) compared edge blank 60.38 68.40 %). Results showed that a crucial factor for choosing (A or B) is taper...

The article presents the impact of drying process and selected parameters on color changes surface pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.). Three predetermined conditions (modes), mild, normal, intensive, were investigated. experiments conducted using a semi-industrial scale dryer designed at Gdańsk University Technology with loading capacity 0.55 m3. was applied to grown in northern part Pomeranian region Poland. specimens taking into consideration radial angle growth rings. During each mode, 25...

The structure of a bark as component living tree is completely different from wood. Different structures significantly influence the physical and mechanical properties bark. In processing logs, it in most cases necessary to separate Problems can arise mainly pulp paper industry. research focused on impact storage conditions shear strength, showing that value strength decreased remarkably due storage. A decrease be explained by changes moisture content bark, affected surrounding environment...