Response delays to predator attack may be adaptive, suggesting that latency respond does not always reflect detection time, but can a decision based on starvation-predation risk trade-offs. In birds, some anti-predator behaviours have been shown correlated with personality traits such as activity level and exploration. Here, we tested for correlation between exploration behaviour response time simulated fish in species, juvenile convict cichlids (Amatitlania nigrofasciata). Individual focal...

Abstract Background The efficacy of the Incredible Years (IY) Basic parent training (PT) programme for a community‐based sample families with pre‐school children at risk developing both conduct problems and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was examined. Methods Pre‐school displaying signs early‐onset ADHD were randomly allocated to either IY PT intervention, or waiting list (WL) control group. Child symptoms assessed before after intervention. Results Post intervention group...

Abstract Background Change in parenting skills, particularly increased positive parenting, has been identified as the key component of successful evidence‐based parent training (PT), playing a causal role subsequent child behaviour change for both prevention and treatment Conduct Disorder. The amount skills observed after PT varies may be accounted by content programme level implementer process skills. Such variation is an important assessment fidelity, itself essential factor intervention...

There have been many descriptive accounts of so-called "protean" or unpredictable escape tactics in prey animals. It is assumed that predators will difficulty targeting more protean either via the prey's trajectory and/or enhancement confusion effect (reduced ability to track an individual target a group moving and phenotypically similar prey). However, date no studies examined whether movements decrease predation risk as predicted. In this paper we test, using humans model predators, higher...

Where direct killing is rare and niche overlap low, sympatric carnivores may appear to coexist without conflict. Interference interactions, harassment injury from larger still pose a risk smaller mesopredators. Foraging theory suggests that animals should adjust their behaviour accordingly optimise foraging efficiency overall fitness, trading off harvest rate with costs fitness. The of red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, was studied automated cameras repeated measures giving-up density (GUD)...

Abstract While constrained by endogenous rhythms, morphology and ecology, animals may still exhibit flexible activity patterns in response to risk. Temporal avoidance of interspecific aggression can enable access resources without spatial exclusion. Apex predators, including humans, affect mesopredator patterns. Human context might also modify temporal interactions between predators. We explored patterns, nocturnality the effects human upon a guild carnivores (grey wolf, Canis lupus ;...

Abstract Background Despite recognition of the need to deliver evidence‐based programmes in field mental health, there is little emphasis on implementing such with fidelity. Attempts by programme developers ensure adherence their include development training, manuals and content scales, but these alone may be insufficient fidelity replication. Observational measures lend themselves as a potentially useful assessment intervention outcomes, providing accurate objective accounts process. Aim To...

Abstract Vigilance is a costly behaviour but it enables animals to detect and avoid threats of predation intraspecific competition. To compensate for the increased risk while sleeping, many bird species have evolved eye‐blinking strategies called peeking, which allows vigilance persist in sleep‐like state. However, drivers during sleep rarely been explored. We investigated how social factors, anthropogenic disturbance environmental conditions affected sleep‐vigilance trade‐off Eurasian...

Food abundance is an important determinant in habitat and patch selection but food accessibility detectability less often considered. Foraging on more cryptic seeds may increase predation risk by increasing the length of head down periods. Habitat structure interact with this as birds are able to detect predators their lowered riskier obstructed habitats. We investigated choice chaffinches Fringilla coelebs foraging open habitats artificially manipulated search times colouring them either...

Teacher-pupil relationships do not solely impact children’s academic development; they also influence emotional and behavioural development. Positive teacher-pupil help reduce maladaptive behaviour while negative ones can lead to increased academic, social difficulties. Identifying measuring relationship through classroom behaviours interactions is therefore important as an index of classroom-based influences on child outcome. This article illustrates the development testing a observation...

Abstract Many fish species exhibit size‐assortative shoaling, which is often thought to be driven by predation risk. Recent fieldwork has revealed that guppies ( Poecilia reticulata ) are more size assorted in high‐predation populations than low‐predation ones. However, assortment does nonetheless occur some populations, suggesting unlikely the sole driving force behind size‐assortment. Here, we investigated laboratory potential role of active choice shoaling wild‐caught female originating...

Abstract Many animals respond to the presence of predators with conspicuous signals such as alarm calling. These may aid detection predator by conspecifics or deter from attack. The advantages be dependent upon type and habitat type. We measured signalling behaviours (alarm calling tail flicking) in foraging chaffinches response different models (hawk pigeon control, cat plastic box control). In addition we responses a model when were structures (obstructed vs. open). There was no difference...

<ns4:p>Twenty-seven percent of academics in UK Higher Education (HE) are Teaching-Focussed positions, making major contributions to undergraduate programmes an era high student expectations when it comes teaching quality. However, institutional support for is often limited, both terms peer networking and opportunities career development. As four early-career stage working a variety institutions, we explore what motivated our choices make primary academic activity, the challenges that have...

Twenty-seven percent of academics in UK Higher Education (HE) are Teaching-Focussed positions, making major contributions to undergraduate programmes an era high student expectations when it comes teaching quality. However, institutional support for is often limited, both terms peer networking and opportunities career development. As four early-career stage working a variety institutions, we explore what motivated our choices make primary academic activity, the challenges that have faced...

This study tested effects of three methods for delivering a weight-loss education program women. Seventy-four predominantly White participants at least 10 pounds over healthy weight began the program. Their average age was 41.7 years (range = 19 to 73), 173 pounds, Body Mass Index (BMI) 29.36, and waist/hip ratio .77. Participants were randomly placed into groups: classroom (24), textbook (25), or computer (25). The curriculum all taken from same manual, completed weekly assignments....