Background: COVID-19 is a worldwide pandemic that stroke almost all countries of the world causing thousands deaths and disabilities burdened economy countries. One main criteria immune response against “immune exhaustion”, due to increased expression T cell suppressor molecules e.g. programmed death-1 (PD-1), leads flaring viral multiplication disastrous clinical outcomes. This exhaustion not restricted but also common complication chronic infections with widely spreading protozoan,...

Most of the drugs used for trichinellosis treatment showed a limited bioavailability, high degree resistance and weak activity against encapsulated larvae.Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new agents improve bioavailability these drugs.So, aim present study was assess use chitosan (CH) nanoparticles alone or loaded with full half dose albendazole (ABZ) increase dissolution rate, enhance its antiparasitic during muscular phases T. spiralis infection.Fifty male albino mice were...

Most of the drugs used for treatment trichinellosis showed a limited bioavailability and high degree resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new agents improve these drugs. This work assessed use Chitosan (CH) nanoparticles singly or combined with albendazole (ABZ) experimental trichinellosis. Fifty male albino mice were used. They divided into six groups. Chitosannanoparticles orally at dose 100mg/kg/day starting from 3rd dpi three successive days intestinal phase...

Trichinellosis is a serious zoonotic parasitic and globally endemic disease.Benzimidazole derivatives are apparently unable to kill encapsulated larvae its effectiveness depends on solubility, dosage of therapy, host biotransformation, selectivity patterns as well onset treatment after infection.Excretory-secretory (ES) proteins released by Trichinella induce strong immune response when tested vaccine.The current study investigated both therapeutic protective effects adult worm excretory...

Background: Giardiasis is the most common diarrheal disease among children and travelers a life-threatening agent in some immunocompromised patients.Zinc an important element resistance to Giardia-induced intestinal damage.Objectives: evaluation of efficacy zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) as therapy for giardiasis if its action source can give chance benefit from immune stimulating tissue protecting properties.Methodology: Therapeutic effects ZnO-NPs were studied alone or combination with...

Schistosomiasis afflicts approximately 120 million individuals globally. The hepatic pathology that occurs due to egg-induced granuloma and fibrosis is commonly attributed this condition. However, there currently no efficacious treatment available for either of these conditions.Our study aimed investigate the potential antifibrotic antiparasitic properties different doses gallic acid (GA) in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni. In addition, we investigated outcomes co-administering it with...

Cryptosporidiosis is a considerable cause of global diarrhea-related morbidity and mortality, especially among children immunocompromised individuals.In addition, various studies suggested link between cryptosporidiosis cancer.There no fully effective treatment or vaccination for cryptosporidiosis.Moreover, these highly infectious oocysts are usually resistant to the routinely used disinfection measures, subsequently repeated waterborne outbreaks occur.Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs)...

Schistosomiasis is the second most common parasitic infection all over world.It responsible for thousands of deaths per year.Control this depends mainly on praziquantel which unfortunately has many defects e.g.occurrence reinfection and risk resistance.So, a suitable vaccine an urgent need.The vaccination that elicits combined Th1 Th2 considered proper candidate.Trehalose Dimycolate (TDM) immunogen proved potent activation lymphocytes.Effects its combination with stimulant, soluble egg...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disorder that affects around 1% of the world’s population. The associating morbidity extends out joints to involve many vital organs in addition increased mortality rates. Environmental infections are one accused elements be risk factor for RA. relationship between RA and toxoplasmosis was point controversy where most human studies reported either absent or positive correlation. They usually linked suppressed immunity by drugs used treatment...

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic protozoan infectious disease affects people worldwide with high rate of morbidity and mortality.The incomplete efficacy the approved drugs for chronic Toxoplasma gondii infections endangers one-third global humans animals reactivation.This due to risky complications toxoplasmosis causes.This study evaluated TLRs 7/8 agonist, Resiquimod ® treating in BALB/c mice infected ME49 strain T. as compared traditionally used Pyrimethamine & Sulphadiazine .This was judged by...

Schistosomiasis is the second commonest parasitic disease worldwide.It responsible for thousands of deaths per year in addition to associating serious morbidities that burden both individuals and communities.To date, main preventive measure infection mass treatment with praziquantel.it carries risk reinfection rising resistance which makes discovery an effective vaccine urgent necessity.The present study evaluated E. camaldulensis killed cercariae immunogen (KCI) as a candidate experimental...

Schistosomiasis is a serious and neglected tropical illness with negative influence on human health.It's treated praziquantel (PZQ), which has been linked to resistance reinfections.As result, new anti-schistosomal medications are desperately needed.Medicinal plants, particularly crude preparations of medicinal herbs, have potential treatment against schistosomiasis.Uncaria (U.) tomentosa rainforest plant native the Amazon Central America.It commonly used in traditional medicine due its...