Abstract Societies are increasingly multicultural and diverse, consisting of members who migrated from various other countries. However, immigrants ethnic minorities often face discrimination in the form fewer opportunities for labor housing, as well limitations on interactions social domains. Using mock email accounts with typical native-sounding foreign-sounding names, we contacted 23,020 amateur football clubs 22 European countries, asking to participate a training session. Response rates...

ABSTRACT Objective This study aims to investigate implicit discrimination in soccer by examining whether participants’ evaluations of fouls are influenced players’ skin color. Methods An optimal experimental design was developed where color videos artificially altered. Participants were asked choose the most appropriate penalty for a player committing foul. The data analyzed using ordered logit regressions assess penalties assigned. Results Contrary previous research and popular belief,...

Heat exposure affects human performance in many ways. Both physiological (i.e., glycogen sparing, oxygen uptake, thermoregulation) and biomechanical mechanisms contact time, knee flection, muscle activity) are affected, hence reducing performance. However, the persons differently. Not all athletes necessarily experience an identical thermal condition similarly, this point has been overlooked to date. We analyzed endurance performances of top 1000 runners for every year during last 12 New...

Although many studies examine if players in sports and especially tennis bene t from a psychological or physiological boost (momentum) none whether the set score as dependent variable tournament rounds independent variables are important determinants when assessing momentum. We empirically investigate professional female male benefit In contrast to previous work, we nd find momentum long they control match. Once lose over match, have signi cantly lower chance win next than their opponent....

Highlights• The paper examines team performance in women's soccer France, Germany and Norway.• gender of the coach does not have a significant influence on performance.• Previous playing experience coaches play part performance.

Whether one looks at revenue, investment or coverage, men's sports do better than women's. Many assume that absolute differences in quality of athletic performance are the driving force. However, existence stereotypes should alert us to another possibility: gender information might influence perceived quality. We perform an experiment which 613 participants viewed clips elite female and male soccer players. In control group, evaluated unmodified videos where players is clear see. treatment...

Abstract Today’s societies increasingly consist of members who migrated from other countries and regions, their functioning depends heavily on integrating diverse members. Interactions with the local population through social activities enhance integration. Despite its relevance, however, previous research has largely overlooked role in This paper introduces an objective method for analyzing access to activities. Switzerland includes native groups, differ culture language, a high percentage...

A rich literature shows that ethnic discrimination is an omnipresent and highly persistent phenomenon. Little known, however, about how to reduce discrimination. This study reports the results of a large-scale field experiment we ran together with Norwegian Football Federation. The federation sent email random selection 500 amateur soccer coaches, pointing towards important role can play in promoting inclusivity reducing racism society calling on coaches be open all interested applicants....

Abstract In this paper, we examine ethnic discrimination using sport as a laboratory. Applying field experiment in the three Scandinavian countries—Sweden, Norway, and Denmark—we test whether foreign female minority groups experience greater rejection rates when seeking inclusion amateur soccer clubs. Soccer coaches were contacted by e-mail native foreign-sounding names from selected groups, requesting to participate trial practice. Previous findings show persistent of labour market, recent...

We use three natural field experiments to examine anti-Semitism in Italy by sending email inquiries amateur football clubs, landlords, and employers comparing the response rates emails sent with Jewish- non-Jewish-sounding names. is an interesting country as discrimination was heterogeneous geographically unevenly distributed during World War II. analyze if today's correlated deportations killings of Jews Holocaust. The results show significant when looking for club apartment, but not...

There is ample evidence that foreigners suffer from discrimination when trying to integrate. Extreme situations, however, can alter the population's attitude towards foreigners. One example of such an extreme situation position Ukrainians in Poland since start Russian invasion Ukraine 2022. It drastically changed composition and share foreign-born population Poland. In this paper, we examined people with Ukrainian-sounding other foreign-sounding names Poland, whether it has changed. We used...

Empirical studies show that first- and second-generation immigrants are less likely to be members of sports clubs than their non-immigrant peers. Common explanations cultural differences socioeconomic disadvantages. However, lower participation rates in amateur sport could at least partly due ethnic discrimination. Are minority groups granted the same right belong as peers? To answer this question, paper uses publicly available data from a field experiment which mock applications were sent...

This study aims to analyse the tenure of head coaches in college women's soccer USA and puts focus on influence race gender. The analysis includes individual characteristics (educational professional background), team performance, institutional characteristics, geographical differences (at state level) from 1977 until 2015. main results show that African American women have a significantly shorter these institutions. Other factors related background institutions also play significant role....

In this paper, we examine if a slight behavioural modification has an influence on discrimination. Specifically, use field experiment based emails to observe persistence increases the chances of joining social group. We find that native- or foreign-sounding names are equally successful when being persistent. However, non-persistent individuals with suffer from The results show persistent can be especially interesting in context experiments.

This article develops a game-theoretical model to analyze the effect of subsidies on player salaries, competitive balance, club profits, and welfare. Within this model, fan demand depends win percentage, aggregate talent. The results show that if large market receives subsidy fans have relatively strong preference for talent, compared balance own team winning rofits welfare increase both clubs. If small-market is subsidized, small increases salaries

This paper examines the issue of employee discrimination after a political crisis: annexation Crimea. The annexation, which resulted in crisis Russian-Ukrainian relations, is setting allows us to test if bilateral caused discrimination. We use quasi-experimental approach examine how influenced participation major sports leagues Russia and Ukraine. results show that employment conditions significantly worsened since Crimea started.

Understanding and assessing worker performance is of major sociological economic interest. This importance mirrored in the extent research that analyzes incentives behavioral traits influencing performance. Most this focuses on workers a peaceful or stable environment. However, large share global population works country at war. To examine situation such vulnerable situation, micro-level data necessary but often unavailable. Esports an exception as regarding professional players –...