A5041072379- Child Nutrition and Water Access
- HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- HIV Research and Treatment
- Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare
- Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Global Maternal and Child Health
- HIV-related health complications and treatments
- HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
- Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
- Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia detection and treatment
- Infant Nutrition and Health
- Cytomegalovirus and herpesvirus research
- Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Birth, Development, and Health
- Immune Cell Function and Interaction
- Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Gut microbiota and health
- Hepatitis Viruses Studies and Epidemiology
- Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
- Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Mycobacterium research and diagnosis
- Viral Infections and Immunology Research
- T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Infant Development and Preterm Care
Queen Mary University of London
2016-2025
Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research
2016-2025
University Medical Center of Southern Nevada
2025
United States Air Force
2025
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
2025
Johns Hopkins University
2015-2024
Genomics (United Kingdom)
2018-2024
University of Zimbabwe
2014-2023
University Hospital Waterford
2023
MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL
2011-2021
BackgroundChild stunting reduces survival and impairs neurodevelopment. We tested the independent combined effects of improved water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH), infant young child feeding (IYCF) on anaemia in Zimbabwe.MethodsWe did a cluster-randomised, community-based, 2 × factorial trial two rural districts Zimbabwe. Clusters were defined as catchment area between one four village health workers employed by Zimbabwe Ministry Health Child Care. Women eligible for inclusion if they...
Child stunting is a global problem and only modestly responsive to dietary interventions. Numerous observational studies have shown that water quality, sanitation, handwashing (WASH) in household are strongly associated with linear growth of children living the same household. We completed three randomised efficacy trials testing improved household-level WASH without infant young child feeding (IYCF) on diarrhoea Bangladesh, Kenya, Zimbabwe. In all trials, IYCF had statistically significant...
Background Stunting affects one-third of children in developing countries, but the causes remain unclear. We hypothesized that enteropathy leads to low-grade inflammation, which suppresses growth hormone-IGF axis and mediates stunting. Methods conducted a case-control study 202 HIV-unexposed Zimbabwean infants who were stunted (height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) <−2; cases) or non-stunted (HAZ >−0.5; controls) at 18 months. measured biomarkers intestinal damage (I-FABP), inflammation (CRP, AGP,...
We conducted direct observation of 23 caregiver-infant pairs for 130 hours and recorded wash-related behaviors to identify pathways fecal-oral transmission bacteria among infants. In addition testing fingers, food, drinking water infants, three infants actively ingested 11.3 ± 9.2 (mean SD) handfuls soil two chicken feces 2 1.4 times in 6 hours. Hand washing with soap was not common contaminated Escherichia coli half (12 22) the households. A one-year-old infant ingesting 1 gram a day 20...
Three large new trials of unprecedented scale and cost, which included novel factorial designs, have found no effect basic water, sanitation hygiene (WASH) interventions on childhood stunting, only mixed effects diarrhea. Arriving at the inception United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, bold target safely managed for all by 2030, these results warrant attention researchers, policy-makers practitioners. Here we report conclusions an expert meeting convened World Health Organization...
In sub-Saharan Africa, among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the rate of death from infection (including tuberculosis and cryptococcus) shortly after initiation antiretroviral therapy (ART) is approximately 10%.
Stunting affects one-in-five children globally and is associated with greater infectious morbidity, mortality neurodevelopmental deficits. Recent evidence suggests that the early-life gut microbiome child growth through immune, metabolic endocrine pathways. Using whole metagenomic sequencing, we map assembly of in 335 from rural Zimbabwe 1-18 months age who were enrolled Sanitation, Hygiene, Infant Nutrition Efficacy Trial (SHINE; NCT01824940), a randomized trial improved water, sanitation...
In a study of 114 epidemiologically linked Zambian transmission pairs, we evaluated the impact human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I)–associated amino acid polymorphisms, presumed to reflect cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) escape in Gag and Nef virus transmitted from chronically infected donor, on plasma viral load (VL) matched recipients 6 mo after infection. CTL mutations were seen donors, which subsequently recipients, largely unchanged soon We observed significant correlation between...
Objective: CD4+ T-cell depletion is central to HIV pathogenesis. However, the relative impact of on Th17 and regulatory T cell (Treg) subsets remains unclear. CD161+ CD4 cells are a recently identified, gut-homing precursor population. The balance between pro-inflammatory immunoregulatory Tregs may be critical in This study addressed changes CD161+, Treg during untreated infection. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear were isolated from HIV-infected HIV-uninfected individuals stained...
Much uncertainty still exists over what T-cell responses need to be induced by an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine. Previous studies have hypothesized that the CD8(+) are those driving selection of escape mutations reduce viral fitness and therefore revert post-transmission. In this study, we adopted a novel approach define better role reverting in immune control HIV infection. This analysis sequences from 710 study subjects with chronic C-clade type 1 infection...
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mutations that confer escape from cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) recognition can sometimes result in lower viral fitness. These then revert upon transmission to a new host the absence of CTL-mediated immune selection pressure restricted by HLA alleles prior host. To identify these potentially critical points on virus, we assessed HLA-driven evolution using three phylogenetic correction methods across full HIV-1 subtype C proteomes cohort 261 South...
To better understand relationships between CD8+ T-cell specificity and the immune control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), we analyzed role HLA-B*13, an allele associated with low viremia, in a cohort 578 C clade-infected individuals Durban, South Africa. Six novel B*13-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes were defined from analyses 37 B*13-positive subjects, including three Gag epitopes. These contribute to broad Gag-specific response that is viremia. data are...