Recent interest in the Internet as a medium for commerce has raised questions about usefulness of branding on World Wide Web. Examines whether consumers use brands sources information when shopping Internet. Applying theory from economics information, predicts that recent adopters will be less proficient at searching product and rely more brands. As they gather experience Internet, their search proficiency should rise brand reliance fall. These hypotheses are tested confirmed using usage...

Many novice programmers view programming tools as all-knowing, infallible authorities about what is right and wrong code. This misconception particularly detrimental to beginners, who may the cold, terse, often judgmental errors from compilers a sign of personal failure. It possible, however, that attributing this failure computer, rather than learner, improve learners' motivation program. To test hypothesis, we present Gidget, game where eponymous robot protagonist cast fallible character...

Although there are many systems designed to engage people in programming, few explicitly teach the subject, expecting learners acquire necessary skills on their own as they create programs from scratch. We present a principled approach programming using debugging game called Gidget, which was created unique set of seven design principles. A total 44 teens played it via lab study and two summer camps. Principle by principle, results revealed strengths, problems, open questions for Taken...

Background: Reducing hospital readmissions has become a priority in the development of policies aimed at patient safety and cost reduction. Evaluating incidence rehospitalization orthopaedic surgical patients could help to identify targets for more efficient perioperative care. We addressed two questions: What is thirty-day readmission an academic hospital? Can any risk factors be identified among rehospitalized patients? Methods: This retrospective cohort study examining 3264 admissions...

People are increasingly turning to online resources learn code. However, despite their prevalence, it is still unclear how successful these at teaching CS1 programming concepts. Using a pretest-posttest study design, we measured the performance of 60 novices before and after they used one following, randomly assigned learning activities: 1) complete Python course on website called Codecademy, 2) play through finish debugging game Gidget, or 3) use Gidget's puzzle designer write programs from...

Multivariate analysis of prospectively collected registry data.Using multivariate to determine significant risk factors for medical complication after cervical spine surgery.Several studies have examined the occurrence surgery. However, many these been done using large national databases. While allow thousands patients, potentially influential covariates are not accounted in retrospective studies. Furthermore, accuracy data collection databases has called into question.The Spine End Results...

Assessments have been shown to positive effects on learning in compulsory educational settings. However, much less is known about their discretionary settings, especially computing education and games. We hypothesized that adding assessments an game would provide extra opportunities for players practice correct misconceptions, thereby affecting performance subsequent levels motivation continue playing. To test this, we designed a called Gidget, which help robot find fix defects programs...

The Spine End Results Registry (2003-2004) is a registry of prospectively collected data all patients undergoing spinal surgery at the University Washington Medical Center and Harborview Center. Insurance were used in multivariate analysis to determine risk perioperative complications.Given negative financial impact surgical site infections (SSIs) higher overall complication rates with Medicaid payer status, we hypothesized that status would have significantly SSI rate.The medical literature...

Computer programming is now used broadly across many industries, with a diversity of working adults writing programs and interacting code as part their jobs. However, negative attitudes toward continue to deter from studying computer science pursuing careers in technology. To begin understanding adults' how we can improve them, an educational video game give 200 adult participants concrete experience via the web, then collected self-reported opinions about programming. We found that...

Engagement is a necessary condition for learning, and previous studies have shown that engagement can be significantly affected by changing the presentation of game elements within an educational game. In three controlled experiment, we examined how data referred to in game's goals would influence purposefulness thereby affect players' motivation achieve them. A total 121 self-described programming novices were recruited online play We found 1) those using vertebrate completed twice number...

While the next generation of educational technologies (ET), such as monitor-based (MB) and virtual reality (VR) applications, are still in their infancy, they do show promise for improving education. In this study, we compared MB VR alternative supplemental learning environments to traditional classroom instruction using lectures, textbooks, physical labs. We conducted study four high school chemistry classes, education is well-suited visually enhanced explanations abstract concepts,...

We introduce mixed physical and digital authoring environments for children, which invite them to create stories with enriched drawings that are programmed control robotic characters. These characters respond the children's as well their touch. Children by drawing props programming how character should those By drawing, character's behaviors, organizing negotiating order meanings of props, story events unfold in creative ways. present our iterative design process developing evaluating...

Interobserver and intraobserver reliabilityObjective: To measure compare the interobserver reliability of cervical spine injury severity score (CSISS), subaxial classification (SLIC) scale, Allen-Ferguson system in patients with injuries presenting to emergency department. Five examiners independently reviewed c-spine x-rays (CT/MRI) 50 consecutive cervical-spine injuries. They classified each case using CSISS, SLIC, system. Examiners also documented if they believed required surgical...

Retrospective review.To evaluate the prevalence of anatomical variations vertebral artery at craniovertebral junction and posterior arch atlas in US population.Recent studies from Asia have reported a 5% to 10% persistent first intersegmental 1% 2% fenestrated artery. These anomalous courses lie directly over starting point for lateral mass screw insertion. The relatively high these anomalies suggests that routine preoperative computed tomographic angiogram be considered prior upper cervical...

A 60-year-old female sustained a left unilateral C3-4 facet dislocation and underwent urgent open reduction posterior instrumentation. The patient subsequently developed delayed onset right upper extremity weakness affecting the C5 myotome, prompting diagnosis of post-operative palsy (C5P). With conservative management, had complete neurologic recovery in eight months. Surgeons must be aware development C5P whenever operating on cervical spine, regardless operative level or procedure...

Retrospective review of a single tertiary care spine database to identify patients with C2 instrumentation between January 2001 and September 2008.(1) Evaluate large series posterior screws determine accuracy by computed tomography (CT) scan, (2) assess dimensions "safe bony windows" CT, (3) perioperative complication rate related errant screw placement.The variable anatomy can make challenging prone potentially severe complications. New techniques have expanded available options.Clinical...

A retrospective analysis.To quantify the risks of surgery and explore associations early perioperative complications with patient demographics surgical variables.Long fusions extending from thoracic spine to pelvis in adults are increasingly common. Currently, there few studies detailing overall such comprehensive reconstructions or how preoperative may be associated potential complications.A study was performed at two tertiary referral institutions. Preoperative intraoperative variables...

In Brief Study Design. Multivariate analysis of prospectively collected registry data. Objective. Using multivariate to determine significant risk factors for medical complication after cervical spine surgery. Summary Background Data. Several studies have examined the occurrence However, many these been done using large national databases. While allow thousands patients, potentially influential covariates are not accounted in retrospective studies. Furthermore, accuracy data collection...

As more people turn to online resources learn, there will be an increasing need for systems understand and adapt the needs of their users. Engagement is important aspect keep users committed learning. Learning approaches can benefit from personalization engage However, many currently rely on methods (e.g., historical behavioral data, questionnaires, quizzes) that are unable provide a personalized experience start-of-use system. in learning environment exposed new content, first impression...

Methods: The Spine End Results Registry 2003–2004 is an exhaustive database of 1,592 patients who underwent spine surgery at the University Washington Medical Center or Harborview Center. Detailed information regarding patient demographic, medical comorbidity, surgical invasiveness and adverse outcomes were prospectively recorded. primary outcome measure was occurrence a cardiac complication in perioperative period. Relative risk (RR) 95 % confidence intervals calculated for each categorical...