Image formation of three-dimensional objects suffers from out-of-focus noise if the light is coherent. Nevertheless, it possible to generate two noiseless image intensities (I(A)and I(B)) at depth locations by means a single computer hologram. The phases related I(A) and I(B) provide design freedom. To accomplish this goal, we use ping-pong algorithm that bounces back fourth between planes. Our member family algorithms. first known as Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm. Basic considerations...

Lens array arrangements are commonly used for the homogenization of highly coherent laser beams. These fly's eye condenser configurations can be to shape almost arbitrary input intensity distributions into a top hat. Due periodic structure regular arrays output distribution is modulated by equidistant sharp peaks which disturbing homogeneity. As new approach we apply chirped microlens beam shaping system. non-regular consisting individually shaped lenses defined parametric description...

A method based on subaperture stitching for measurement of a freeform wavefront is proposed and applied to wavefronts calculated from the slope data acquired using scanning Shack Hartmann sensor (SHS). The entire divided into number subapertures with overlapping zones. Each measured SHS, which scanned over wavefront. values thus phase separately cannot be connected directly due various misalignment errors during process. lying in vertical plane, i.e., piston, tilt, power, are minimized by...

An integrated free-space optical interconnection system with 2500 parallel data channels is demonstrated. The design based on a combination of microchannel imaging and conventional imaging. A modification the hybrid configuration allows one to achieve optimized image quality over large fields.

Micro-optics is usually associated with planar waveguides or integrated optical circuits. In this case the propagation of light restricted to one two dimensions, and three-dimensional nature disregarded. We present a method fabricating micro-optical components by so-called LIGA process, lithography, electroforming, plastic molding process in which poly(methyl methacrylate) structured high-energy synchrotron radiation. demonstrate an experimental system image formation that uses microprisms...

We present signal-generation models for chromatic confocal imaging systems with illumination and detection pinholes of finite size: a collinear model that considers neither aberrations nor diffraction effects, geometrical accounts aberrations, wave optical covering both effects. These are aimed at describing the spectral response multipoint sensor field-dependent vignetting They suitable single- double-pass either diffusely or specularly reflecting surfaces under test. show experimental...

A new approach for confocal hyperspectral sensing based on the combination of a diffractive optical element and tunable membrane fluidic lens is demonstrated. This highly compact system designed to maximize longitudinal chromatic aberration select narrow spectral band by spatial filtering. Changing curvature allows selected be scanned over whole given spectrum. hybrid prototype with an integrated electro-magnetic micro-actuator has been realized demonstrate functionality system. Experimental...

The metrology of freeform wavefront can be performed by the use a noninterferometric method, such as Shack–Hartmann sensor (SHS). Detailed experimental investigations employing an SHS head are presented. scheme is nonnull nature where small subapertures measured using and stitched to give full wavefront. For assessment complex misalignment errors during spiral scanning, library residual slope has been created, which makes alignment process fast converging for minimizing scanning errors. A...

We present the design, fabrication and characterization of hydraulically-tunable hyperchromatic lenses for two-dimensional (2D) spectrally-resolved spectral imaging. These lenses, consisting a positive diffractive lens tunable concave lens, are designed to have large longitudinal chromatic dispersion thus axially separate images different wavelengths from each other. 2D objects can consequently be imaged using tunability system. Two concepts demonstrated their characteristics as well...

Optical components are usually classified into diffractive and refractive elements. In this classification, defined as elements that sufficiently described by geometrical optics. For micro-optics distinction is very often not applicable. Our goal to understand which parameters control the transition from can be interpreted those called diffractive. We investigate linear blazed grating focus on wavelength dependence of its properties. we adopt an approach well known theory echelette gratings....

We report on an experimental realization of polarization-holographic optical elements (PHOEs) for laser beam shaping. The PHOEs were written into azobenzene polymer layer by illumination with linearly polarized, focused light spatially varying orientation. propose a noniterative design method the calculation that transform beams arbitrary rotationally symmetric or separable intensity distributions such as flattop ring profiles. experimentally observed are compared those predicted numerical...

In this paper aberrations in Alvarez-Lohmann lenses are analyzed, and a semi-analytical strategy for compensation is derived. An x-y polynomial model used to describe the classify them into static dynamic components. The enhanced by higher-order polynomials, numerical optimization process determine most influential coefficients. Two simulations of corrected systems presented. first one optimized on-axis imaging. second system multiple field points shows limitations single lens. overcoming...

We present two versions of a chromatic confocal matrix sensor for the snapshot acquisition three-dimensional objects. The first version contains separate illumination and detection pinhole arrays, while second uses single array in double pass. discrete lateral measurement points defined by arrays are evaluated parallel with hyperspectral module. As this approach enables spectrometric evaluation all channels, multilayer objects can be analyzed. To increase resolution moved micromechanical...

In this paper, we present sampling conditions for fast-Fourier-transform-based field propagations. The input and the propagation kernel are analyzed in a combined manner to derive criteria that guarantee accurate calculation results output plane. These also applicable of general fields. For focal calculations, geometrical optics is used obtain priori knowledge about This determine an optimum balance between computational load accuracy. numerical example, correct obtained even though both...

An efficient algorithm for calculating nonparaxial scalar field distributions in the focal region of a lens is discussed. The based on fast Fourier transform implementations first Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integral and assumes that input at pupil plane has larger extent than region. A sampling grid defined over finite output referred to as tile. divided into multiple separate spatial regions size Finally, tiles are added coherently form summed tile, which propagated plane. Since only...

A key feature of Alvarez lenses is that they may be tuned in focal length using lateral rather than axial translation, thus reducing the overall a focus-tunable optical system. Nevertheless bulk classical microsystems actuators limits further miniaturization. We present here new, ultrathin lens fabricated molding techniques and actuated liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) artificial muscle actuators. The large deformation generated by LCE permits integration in-plane with mechanical system...

In this work, we apply the Alvarez–Lohmann principle for varifocal lenses to diffractive off-axis elements tuned by rotation. Two methods combine multiple into arrays are presented. Further, show that inverse phase sections result from a 2π ambiguity of Quantization techniques applied eliminate these unwanted sections. As proof concept, retrofocus lens using tunable array is

We demonstrate a method for creating three-dimensional (3D) array of focal spots by combination multi-focal diffractive lens and two-dimensional multi-value phase grating. The Fresnel-based is created means encoding special nonlinearities into the structure Fresnel zone plate represented as mathematical superposition this function with refractive lens. imposed nonlinearity type enables creation multiple uniform intensity along optical axis. example 3D grating, which creates five planes $5...

Abstract The combination of diffractive and refractive elements in hybrid optical systems allows for precise control the longitudinal chromatic aberration. We provide comprehensive design strategies hyperchromatic lenses that maximise aberrations. These are mainly used confocal sensor efficient non-contact profilometry as well measurements distances wall thicknesses transparent materials. Our approach enables tailoring properties to specific measurement problem assists designers finding...

For the conversion of light from edge-emitting laser diodes into symmetric beams two main tasks have to be performed: collimation and beam shaping. Generally these jobs are performed separately. Because inherently different divergence angles emitted light, with astigmatic lenses generally results in a an elliptically shaped amplitude distribution. This asymmetry has compensated for by anamorphic imaging step obtain desired spherical profile. It can advantageous combine both one element. We...

The increasing transistor density in very large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits and the limited pin member off-chip communication lead to a situation described as interconnect crisis micro-electronics. Optoelectronic VLSI (OE-VLSI) using short-distance optical interconnects optoelectronic devices like microlaser, modulator, detector arrays for sending receiving offer technology overcome this crisis. However, order exploit efficiently potential of thousands interconnects, an appropriate...

Blazed transmission gratings have become crucial components in many hybrid optical systems. Shadowing effects are known to occur at their passive blaze facets, which may impair the system's efficiency performance. For designs, it is desirable a simple but accurate description of this phenomenon. We show that reduction low diffraction orders dominated by linear dependence on ratio wavelength grating period rather than quadratic as proposed extended scalar theory. The strength electromagnetic...