ABSTRACT Changes in ventilation volume of rainbow trout caused by hypercapnia, hypoxia and anaemia were measured directly collection expired water. Exposure to hypercapnic water ( range 0·5–2 kPa) increased (by up four times) augmenting ventilatory stroke volume; breathing frequency remained constant. O2 added the inspired maintained hypercapnia reduced at all but highest level . when blood oxygen content was decreased exposure normoxic addition decreased. When oxygen-carrying capacity...

Summary In a controlled study, gastric emptying was measured during the three trimesters of pregnancy and after delivery, using an indirect paracetamol absorption technique. The peak plasma concentration, time to reach peak, area under concentration‐time curve, were determined. As compared nonpregnant controls, there no significant differences in times women mothers from 18 h delivery onwards. Gastric significantly delayed within 2 (p < 0.01); median (range) values curve for this group...

Abstract Many teleosts including zebrafish, Danio rerio , actively regulate buoyancy with a gas‐filled swimbladder, the volume of which is controlled by autonomic reflexes acting on vascular, muscular, and secretory effectors. In this study, we investigated morphological development zebrafish swimbladder together its effectors innervation. The first formed as single chamber, inflated at 1–3 days posthatching (dph), 3.5–4 mm body length. Lateral nerves were already present demonstrated...

Teleost fishes have body tissues that are denser than water, causing them to sink. Many teleosts therefore possess a gas-filled swimbladder provides lift, allowing fish attain neutral buoyancy. The importance of the as buoyancy aid during changing sizes over ontogeny and its role in determining swimming depth remain unclear. In this study, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio) investigate changes size shape development examine whether these affect hydrostatic contribution swimming. Our results...

Many teleosts actively regulate buoyancy by using a gas-filled swim bladder, which is thought to be under autonomic control. Here we investigated the bladder in zebrafish determine possible mechanisms of gas-content regulation. Fluorescently labelled phalloidin revealed myocytes that appeared form sphincter at junction pneumatic duct and esophagus. Myocytes also formed thick bands along ventral surface anterior chamber bilaterally posterior chamber. Thinner layers were located elsewhere....

Receptors causing the cardiac response to environmental hypoxia have been located in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Intact, unrestrained trout, acclimated to7or 16 °C. showed a marked increase ventilation and bradycardia when exposed at their acclimation temperature, In experiments designed locate site of receptors hypoxic bradycardia, buccal cavity fish was divided into two chambers by tongue depressor, allowing oxygen tension water flowing over each set gills lo be varied independently....

The spontaneous activity of 175 neurons located in the ventral right atrial and interventricular ganglionated plexi was recorded eight anesthetized dogs, hearts which were chronically decentralized at least 2 wk before recordings made. Ganglia subsequently identified anatomically immediate vicinity recording sites. Spontaneous correlated with cardiac cycle 57% 62% ventricular respiratory 29% 28% neurons. cardiovascular-related when systemic arterial pressure between 80 mmHg. 23 15 altered...

ABSTRACT In the vertebrate heart intracardiac nervous system is final common pathway for autonomic control of cardiac output, but neuroanatomy this not well understood. study we investigated innervation in a model vertebrate, zebrafish. We used antibodies against acetylated tubulin, human neuronal protein C/D, choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, nitric oxide synthase, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide to visualize neural elements their neurotransmitter content. Most neurons...

The cardiac pacemaker sets the heart's primary rate, with discharge controlled by autonomic nervous system through intracardiac ganglia. A fundamental issue in understanding relationship between neural activity and chronotropy is identification of neuronal populations that control cells. To date, most studies neurocardiac have been done mammalian species, where neurons are embedded distributed throughout heart, so they largely inaccessible for whole-organ, integrative studies. Here, we...

The purpose of the present study was to examine cardiac effects induced by electrical stimulation (1-4 V, 1 ms, 200 Hz) discrete loci within ganglionated plexi located on canine atria and ventricles. When 20 in right atrial ventral 11 anesthetized open-chest dogs were stimulated, bradycardia and/or left force suppression occurred when, average, 15% these stimulated. Bradycardia elicited 8% 15 eight restimulated after acute decentralization, responses attenuated or occasionally eliminated....

During the last decade, optogenetics has emerged as a paradigm-shifting technique to monitor and 18 steer behavior of specific cell types in excitable tissues, including heart. Activation cation-19 conducting channelrhodopsins (ChR) leads membrane depolarization, allowing one effectively 20 trigger action potentials (AP) cardiomyocytes. In contrast, quest for optogenetic tools 21 hyperpolarization-induced inhibition AP generation remained challenging. The green-light 22 activated ChR from...

Purpose: We conducted this study toward validating confocal scanning laser Doppler flowmetry (SLDF), a new noninvasive technique for measuring retinal and optic nerve head hemodynamics. Methods: designed model flow system using glass capillary coupled to microlitre syringe driven by an infusion pump. Eleven capillaries with parallel walls (internal diameters ranging 705 25 μm) were used. The perfused skim milk over range of pump rates. At each rate, measurements made the Heidelberg Retina...

Background —Heat-shock treatment of rats elevates expression heat-shock proteins, which play a role in improving the contractile recovery and reducing infarct size hearts after ischemic injury. However, location these proteins heart is unknown. Methods Results —Anesthetized were heat-shocked by elevation body temperature to 42°C 42.5°C for 15 minutes, followed 24 hours recovery. Control extirpated perfused briefly with saline 2% paraformaldehyde PBS. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy...

The intracardiac nervous system represents the final common pathway for autonomic control of vertebrate heart in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. In teleost fishes, details organization this are not well understood. Here we investigated innervation patterns goldfish, a species representative large group cyprinids. We used antibodies against neuronal markers zn-12, acetylated tubulin, and human protein C/D, as choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, nitric oxide synthetase,...

Terrestrial animals must support their bodies against gravity, while aquatic are effectively weightless because of buoyant from water. Given this evolutionary history minimal gravitational loading fishes in water, it has been hypothesized that weight-responsive musculoskeletal systems evolved during the tetrapod invasion land and thus absent fishes. Amphibious fishes, however, experience increased effective weight when out water - these responsive to loading? Contrary tetrapod-origin...

In the normal subject anti-diuretic extracts of posterior pituitary cause an increase in excretion sodium and chlorine with result that balance for these elements becomes negative., Fig. 1 we have presented data on a (male, 25 years old) which shows same thing. The patient diabetes insipidus 19 old), other hand, behaves differently. dose extract as given caused no chloride although marked anti-diuresis resulted (Fig. 1). days upon “Pituitrin” (Surgical, 0.5 cc. twice daily) was administered...

Many teleost fishes use a swimbladder, gas-filled organ in the coelomic cavity, to reduce body density toward neutral buoyancy, thus minimizing locomotory cost of maintaining constant depth water column. However, for most swimbladder-bearing teleosts, contribution this attainment buoyancy has not been quantified. Here, we examined quantitative swimbladder and three-dimensional stability small cyprinid, zebrafish (Danio rerio). In aquaria during daylight hours, adult animals were observed at...

CHARGE syndrome is linked to autosomal‐dominant mutations in the CHD 7 gene and results a number of physiological structural abnormalities, including heart defects, hearing vision loss, gastrointestinal ( GI ) problems. Of these challenges, problems have profound impact throughout an individual's life, resulting increased morbidity mortality. A homolog has been identified zebrafish, loss which recapitulates many features human disease. Using morpholino chd7 knockdown model complemented by...

Mammalian intrinsic cardiac neurons subserve different functions in regions, but the regional anatomical organisation of intracardiac nervous system is not well understood. We investigated quantitative and qualitative distribution cholinergic adrenergic elements, pathways extrinsic nerves, whole-mount preparations guinea pig atria. Protein gene product 9.5 immunoreactivity (PGP 9.5-IR) marked neuronal elements; immunoreactions for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT-IR) tyrosine hydroxylase...