One key challenge in facial expression recognition (FER) is the extraction of discriminative features from critical regions. Because their promising ability to learn features, visual attention mechanisms are increasingly used address pattern problems. This paper presents a novel multiple network that simulates humans' coarse-to-fine improve performance. In proposed network, region-aware sub-net (RASnet) learns binary masks for locating expression-related regions with granularity levels and...

Identifying the epistemic emotions of learner-generated reviews in massive open online courses (MOOCs) can help instructors provide adaptive guidance and interventions for learners. The emotion identification task is a fine-grained that contains multiple categories arising during learning process. Previous studies only consider emotional or semantic information within review texts alone, which leads to insufficient feature representation. In addition, some are ambiguously distributed space,...

In a massive open online courses (MOOCs) learning environment, it is essential to understand students' social knowledge constructs and critical thinking for instructors design intervention strategies. The development of can be represented by cognitive presence, which primary component the community inquiry model. However, identifying learners' presence challenging problem, most researchers have performed this task using traditional machine methods that require both manual feature...

This paper presents a coherent survey on ad hoc wireless networks, with the intent of serving as quick reference to current research issues in networking. It starts background origin and development stages network, then summaries characteristics, capabilities, applications design constraints network fully distinguishing it from traditional networks. The discuses broad range such Routing, Medium Access, Multicasting, Quality service, TCP performance, Energy, Security Bluetooth, outlining...

Empathy ability is one of the most important social communication skills in early childhood development. To analyze children's empathy ability, facial expression analysis (FEA) an effective way due to its understand emotional states. Previous works mainly focus on recognizing categories yet fail estimate intensity, latter which more for fine-grained emotion analysis. this end, article first proposes with both and intensities expressions. A novel FEA method based intensity label distribution...

In the field of learning analytics, mining regularities social interaction and cognitive processing have drawn increasing attention. Nevertheless, in MOOCs, there is a lack investigations on combination behavioral patterns. To fill this gap, study aimed to uncover relationship between interaction, processing, achievements MOOC discussion forum. Specifically, we collected 3925 participants’ forum data throughout 16 weeks. Social network analysis epistemic were jointly adopted investigate...

Abstract This manuscript addresses the challenge of imaging artifacts in millimeter-wave (MMW) systems caused by concave structures due to multiple internal reflections. We introduce an modified linear aperture technique specifically designed for structures, which effectively suppresses high-order scattering and achieves precise reconstruction multi-reflection signals. Unlike previous cylindrical measurement methods, this approach does not require dihedral cavity be placed a specific...

Abstract Nonlinear calibration of probe frequency response is a common problem in near-field measurement. In this paper, we present an over-the-air(OTA) technique for measurements, predicated on our proposed measurement model. A detailed discussion provided the use metal sphere, plane, and innovative dihedral calibrators, which exhibit scattering properties analogous to those point target. The effectiveness validated through both full-wave simulation experiment. method ensures consistency...

Abstract Accurate radar cross section (RCS) measurements are challenged by background-target coupling, such as interactions with the ground or support structures. This paper introduces a method using three-dimensional (3D) imaging to isolate and measure target scattering characteristics. By utilizing high-resolution 3D algorithms, separates target’s scatterers from background noise, enhancing RCS measurement accuracy. Experimental results show this approach reduces coupling effects,...

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have broad application potential for the Internet of Things (IoT) due to their small size, low cost, and flexible control. At present, main positioning method UAVs is use GPS. However, GPS may be affected by stronger electromagnetic signals from spoofing attacks. In this study, a radar-assisted based on 5G millimeter waves proposed. end-to-end network slices, rotors can detected identified deploying wave radar. High-resolution range profile (HRRP) used obtain...

The emergence of massive open online courses not only changes the ecology higher education, but also facilitates a blending learning paradigm, known as small private (SPOCs). In order to understand how college students interact with an SPOC platform, this study collects their behaviors for semester and adopts lag sequential analysis approach identify significant transitions between interactions content, peers, instructors. Regarding after entering courses, tend access resources. Besides,...

Mobile Ad hoc-networking (MANET) is becoming increasingly important in today's world and a number of protocols have been developed for them. However comparison between them lacking to help determine an optimal one. This study addresses this issue by comparing the relative performance four key hoc routing protocols; Destination-sequenced distance vector (DSDV), Temporally ordered algorithm (TORA), Dynamic source (DSR) on-demand (AODV). subjected identical loads environmental conditions...

This paper presents a new approach to fringe pattern profilometry. In this paper, generalized model describing the relationship between projected and deformed is derived, in which can be arbitrary rather than being limited sinusoidal, as are those for conventional approaches. Based on model, what believed proposed reconstruct three-dimensional object surface by estimating shift patterns. Additionally, theoretical analysis, computer simulation, experimental results presented, show how...

A new generalized sphere decoder (GSD), called a double-layer (DLSD), is proposed for under-determined MIMO systems with fewer receive antennas N than transmit M. The algorithm significantly faster those introduced in and . basic idea to partition the transmitted signal vector into two subvectors M-N+1 N-1 elements. After some simple transformations, we can use an outer layer (SD) choose proper of length then inner SD decide other subvector N-1, thus whole obtained. Simulation results show...

We present an algorithm for estimating the color demixing matrix based on fringe patterns captured from reference plane or surface of object. The advantage this is that it a blind approach to calculating in sense no extra images are required calibration before performing profile measurement. Simulation and experimental results convince us proposed can significantly reduce influence cross talk at same time improve measurement accuracy color-channel-based phase-shifting profilometry.

In this paper, we present a mathematical model that describes general relationship between the projected signal and deformed in fringe pattern profilometry (FPP) systems. The derived proves theory any kind of could be utilized for profilometry. Based on model, paper also proposes new algorithm, referred to as inverse function analysis (IFA) method, reconstruct 3-D surfaces using FPP technique. Compared with traditional methods, our algorithm has neither requirement structure patterns nor...

Computer-supported collaborative concept mapping (CSCCM) integrates technology and to support students' knowledge understanding, much research on the behavioral patterns involved in CSCCM activities has been conducted. However, there is limited understanding of differences between students with different levels collaboration perception. This study examined impact perceptions their activity. A total 36 individuals from same university participated this study. The findings suggested that...