A fundamental question in language development is how infants start to assign meaning words. Here, using three Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based measures of brain activity, we establish that preverbal 11-month-old are sensitive the non-arbitrary correspondences between sounds and concepts, is, sound symbolism. In each trial, infant participants were presented with a visual stimulus (e.g., round shape) followed by novel spoken word either sound-symbolically matched ("moma") or mismatched...

When can children speaking Japanese, English, or Chinese map and extend novel nouns verbs? Across 6 studies, 3‐ 5‐year‐old in all 3 languages more readily than verbs. This finding prevails even like Japanese that are assumed to be verb‐friendly (e.g., T. Tardif, 1996 ). The results also suggest the input language uniquely shapes verb learning such English‐speaking require grammatical support learn verbs, whereas pragmatic as well support. research bears on how universally shared cognitive...

Sound symbolism, or the nonarbitrary link between linguistic sound and meaning, has often been discussed in connection with language evolution, where oral imitation of external events links phonetic forms their referents (e.g., Ramachandran & Hubbard, 2001). In this research, we explore whether symbolism may also facilitate synchronic learning human infants. be a useful cue particularly at earliest developmental stages word learning, because it potentially provides way bootstrapping meaning...

The present research examined how 3‐ and 5‐year‐old Japanese children map novel nouns verbs onto dynamic action events generalize them to new instances. Studies 1 3 demonstrated that although both 5‐year‐olds were able objects, only could solely on the basis of sameness action. Study 4 showed difficulty young experience in learning lies mainly mapping appropriate element a verb rather than encoding remembering an itself. results this are related long‐debated issue whether noun is privileged...

Sound symbolism is the systematic and non-arbitrary link between word meaning. Although a number of behavioral studies demonstrate that both children adults are universally sensitive to sound in mimetic words, neural mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not yet been extensively investigated. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging investigate how Japanese words processed brain. In Experiment 1, we compared processing for motion with non-sound symbolic verbs...

Previous findings have indicated that, when presented with visual information, North American undergraduate students selectively attend to focal objects, whereas East Asian are more sensitive background information. However, little is known about how these differences driven by culture and socialization processes. In this study, two experiments investigated young children their parents used culturally unique modes of attention (selective vs. context attention). We expected that would slowly...

Young children often fail to generalize a novel verb based on sameness of action since they have difficulty focusing the relational similarity across events while at same time ignoring objects that are involved. Study 1, with Japanese-speaking 3- and 4-year-olds (N = 28 in each group), found involved plays scaffolding role children's extraction when extend verb. 2, 47), further showed repeated experience action-based extension supported by object leads be better able action, even without...

The World Robot Summit is a competition held to realize world where humans and robots can cooperate coexist. WRS Service Categories are competitive events which, with 'cooperation between human robot' as their important theme, present robot technology competitions designed, mainly, enable people complement each other, they will be required do so in homes, shops, other living spaces. In this paper, we described the details of three competitions, Partner Challenge (Real Space), (Virtual Space...

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect direct and indirect monitoring on generosity among five-year-old preschoolers reveal primary motivation for their generosity. Forty-two completed one-shot dictator games in Condition 1 while being monitored by experimenter (the condition). In 2, an image staring eyes was displayed computer monitor 3, showed a picture flowers non-monitoring results that there no difference between mean levels allocation conditions, level condition...

Abstract Grammatical gender is independent of biological sex for the majority animal names (e.g., any giraffe, be it male or female, grammatically treated as feminine). However, there apparent semantic motivation grammatical classes, especially in mapping human terms to gender. This research investigated whether this affects deductive inference native German speakers. We compared with Japanese speakers (a language without gender) when making inferences about sex‐specific properties. found...

This study examined the relation between acquisition of false-beliefs theory mind (ToM) and reciprocity in preschoolers. Preschool-aged children completed a task assessing understanding false beliefs, played an Ultimatum Game (UG) with another child face-to-face setting. Negative was assessed by examining rejection unfair offers made UG, while positive allocations participants Dictator (DG) following UG. The results indicated that who had passed first-order beliefs were more likely to make...

Abstract This study examined the association between salivary oxytocin (sOT) levels and generosity in preschoolers. Fifty preschoolers played two dictator games (DG) by deciding how to allocate 10 chocolates themselves another child, who was either from same class as participant (ingroup member), or an unknown child (outgroup member). sOT were assessed saliva collected children immediately prior DG tasks. While negatively associated with allocations made both ingroup outgroup members boys,...

Humans are known to possess an "affirming the consequent fallacy," which assumes that a learned contingency holds true even when order is reversed. In contrast, non-human animals do not fall for this fallacy, as they have symmetry bias. Importantly, language founded on symmetrical relationship between symbols and referents, bias plays key role in word learning. A critical problem ontogenesis of whether has been acquired through experience learning or if it present before infants begin Using...

The authors are developing a prototype of neuro-fuzzy cooperation system that has the precision and learning ability neural network is easy to understand like fuzzy model. To help convert between systems, this with structure corresponding Knowledge acquired from experts was converted network. applied target learned data obtained during operation enhance accuracy Converting back into model helps explain inner representation will be constructed as basic rules improved step by using repetition...

Considering the increased importance of telework systems in economies affected by COVID-19, telexistence technologies for remote guidance and navigation general human activities are widely expected to prove beneficial various applications, including plant maintenance, infrastructure inspection, medical services. In prior work, we have proposed a behavior system (BNS) using augmented reality (AR) mixed (MR) provide assistance. Resembling conventional gesture-based assistance system, our...