Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) consensus mechanism shows a great potential to break the performance bottleneck of Proof-of-Work (PoW)-based blockchain systems, which typically support only dozens transactions per second and require minutes hours for transaction confirmation. However, due frequent inter-node communications, PBFT has poor node scalability thus it is adopted in small networks. To enable large systems such as massive Internet Things (IoT) ecosystems blockchain, this...

Blockchain has been regarded as a promising technology for Internet of Things (IoT), since it provides significant solutions decentralized network which can address trust and security concerns, high maintenance cost problem, etc. The decentralization provided by blockchain be largely attributed to the use consensus mechanism, enables peer-to-peer trading in distributed manner without involvement any third party. This article starts from introducing basic concept illustrating why mechanism...

Blockchain has shown a great potential in Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems for establishing trust and consensus mechanisms without involvement any third party. Understanding the relationship between communication blockchain as well performance constraints posing on counterparts can facilitate designing dedicated blockchain-enabled IoT systems. In this paper, we establish an analytical model wireless system. By considering spatio-temporal domain Poisson distribution, i.e., node...

In the blockchain, consensus mechanism plays a key role in maintaining security and legitimation of contents recorded blocks. Various blockchain mechanisms have been proposed. However, there is no technical analysis comparison as guideline to determine which type should be adopted specific scenario/application. To this end, work investigates three mainstream namely, Proof Work (PoW), Stake (PoS), Direct Acyclic Graph (DAG), identifies their performances terms average time generate new block,...

Recently, as the development of artificial intelligence (AI), data-driven AI methods have shown amazing performance in solving complex problems to support Internet Things (IoT) world with massive resource-consuming and delay-sensitive services. In this paper, we propose an intelligent resource allocation framework (iRAF) solve problem for collaborative mobile edge computing (CoMEC) network. The core iRAF is a multitask deep reinforcement learning algorithm making decisions based on network...

The sixth-generation (6G) network must provide better performance than previous generations to meet the requirements of emerging services and applications, such as multi-gigabit transmission rate, higher reliability, sub-1 ​ms latency ubiquitous connection for Internet Everything (IoE). However, with scarcity spectrum resources, efficient resource management sharing are crucial achieving all these ambitious requirements. One possible technology achieve this is blockchain. Because its...

In order to improve mobile users' service experience, cloud computing (MCC) is promoted. Although MCC can alleviate the burdens of Smart devices (SMDs) by offloading computation-intensive applications cloud, it also aggravates and storage overheads in centers bandwidth overhead on wireless links for workloads users. Therefore, we should carefully design policy decrease these while easing SMDs. To this end, investigate heterogeneous networks. paper, a queue model built formulate workload...

Due to the distributed characteristics of federated learning (FL), vulnerability global model and coordination devices are main obstacle. As a promising solution decentralization, scalability, security, leveraging blockchain in FL has attracted much attention recent years. However, traditional consensus mechanisms designed for blockchain-like proof work (PoW) would cause extreme resource consumption, which reduces efficiency greatly, especially when participating wireless resource-limited....

Blockchain shows great potential to be applied in wireless IoT ecosystems for establishing the trust and consensus mechanisms without central authority's involvement. Based on RAFT mechanism, this letter investigates security performance of blockchain networks presence malicious jamming. We first map model transaction as a network composed uplink downlink transmissions by assuming follower nodes' position Poisson Point Process (PPP) with selected leader location. The probability achieving...

With the exponentially increasing number of mobile devices, crowdsensing has been a hot topic to use available resource neighbor devices perform sensing tasks cooperatively. However, there still remain three main obstacles be solved in practical system. First, since are selfish and rational, it is natural provide cooperation for with reasonable payment. Meanwhile, due arrival departure tasks, should allocated released dynamically when task comes or leaves. To this end, paper designs game...

Blockchain is built on a peer-to-peer network that relies frequent communications among distributively located nodes. In particular, the consensus mechanisms (CMs), which play pivotal role in blockchain, are communication resource-demanding and largely determine blockchain security bounds (i.e., fault tolerances) other key performance metrics such as transaction throughput, latency scalability. Most systems designed stable wired running advanced devices under assumption of sufficient...

In the past decade, blockchain has shown a promising vision to build trust without any powerful third party in secure, decentralized and scalable manner. However, due wide application future development from cryptocurrency Internet of Things, is an extremely complex system enabling integration with mathematics, computer science, communication network engineering, etc. By revealing intrinsic relationship between communication, networking computing methodological perspective, it provided view...

Introducing blockchain into Federated Learning (FL) to build a trusted edge computing environment for transmission and learning has attracted widespread attention as new decentralized pattern. However, traditional consensus mechanisms architectures of systems face significant challenges in handling large-scale FL tasks, especially on Internet Things (IoT) devices, due their substantial resource consumption, limited transaction throughput, complex communication requirements. To address these...

For satisfying rapidly increasing data rates at hotspots and enhancing coverage in buildings, small cells, such as femtocells, picocells, microcells, are deployed LTE-A. Femtocells typically installed overlay with the macrocell to improve energy efficiency rates. In macro-femto HetNets, handover issue is more important than that networks. On one hand, frequent handovers triggered because range of a femtocell small, multiple femtocells overlaid. other some schemes, load balancing, aimed...

To meet low latency and real-time monitoring demands of IoT-eHealth, fog computing is envisioned as a key technology to offer elastic resource at the edge networks. In this context, eHealth devices can offload collected healthcare data or computational expensive tasks nearby server. However, mobility may make connection between them servers uncertain, resulting in possible migration servers. order evaluate impact uncertainty on decision-making for offloading allocation, we formulate task...

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has emerged as a promising technology for the support of human activities, such target tracking, disaster rescue, and surveillance. However, these tasks require large computation load image or video processing, which imposes enormous pressure on UAV platform. To solve this issue, in work, we propose an intelligent Task Offloading Algorithm (iTOA) edge computing network. Compared with existing methods, iTOA is able to perceive network's environment intelligently...

Different from "read" based Web1 and "read-write" Web2, "read-write-own" Web3 is proposed as a typical user-centric Internet to open the new generation of World Wide Web. internet religious fundamentalism for data rights owned by users on identity, data, network, service, which requires support full-process protection provided zero-trust zero-touch environment. However, traditional layered architecture like TCP/IP, an overlaid function, far away requirements. To this end, in order build...

In future mobile networks, more and machine-type communication (MTC) devices with different service requirements will be deployed. To meet the massive access needs of MTC, this paper develops a cluster-based congestion-mitigating scheme (CCAS), aim to mitigate severe collision MTC (MTCDs) that base station (BS) concurrently. end, we first design modified spectral clustering algorithm group MTCDs into clusters based on their locations requirements. Then, device called gateway (MTCG) is chosen...

The impact of communication transmission delay on the original blockchain, has not been well considered and studied since it is primarily designed in stable wired environment with high capacity. However, a wireless scenario, due to scarcity spectrum resource, blockchain user may have compete for channel broadcast transactions following media access control (MAC) mechanism. As result, be significant pose bottleneck system performance security. To facilitate applications industrial Internet...

Direct Acyclic Graph (DAG)-based ledger and the corresponding consensus algorithm has been identified as a promising technology for Internet of Things (IoT). Compared with Proof-of-Work (PoW) Proof-of-Stake (PoS) that have widely used in blockchain, mechanism designed on DAG structure (simply called consensus) can overcome some shortcomings such high resource consumption, transaction fee, low throughput long confirmation delay. However, theoretic analysis is an untapped venue to be explored....

Recently, fog-computing-based radio access networks (F-RANs) have been conceptualized to provide high quality of experience (QoE) for adaptive bit rate (ABR) streaming, where additional computing capacity is supplemented on fog nodes facilitate complicated cross-layer optimization (i.e., joint selection and resource allocation). However, finding an optimal global solution with acceptable complexity still infeasible by the conventional methods. In this work, we propose artificial intelligence...

To securely integrate Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) into Wireless Blockchain Network (WBN), this paper proposes a framework for blockchain based offloading strategy, where nodes are categorized as users and miners from motivation perspective. Particularly, aiming at improving the ability, block generation process is first designed miners' short transaction processing time lower bound. Then, to further maximize utilities of both miners, an optimization problem formulated determine optimal...