Listeners adapt to diverse cues in real-time language processing. While younger adults can learn and complex multitalker settings, it remains uncertain whether this ability persists older adults, especially when they must accumulate auditory inputs novel statistics. We examined talker-specific patterns using paralinguistic such as disfluency. In two experiments, listened instructions from talkers: one used disfluency predictively (e.g., always referring objects following disfluency) the...

Abstract The goal of the current study is to assess temporal dynamics vision and action evaluate underlying word representations that guide infants' responses. Sixteen‐month‐old infants participated in a two‐alternative forced‐choice word–picture matching task. We conducted moment‐by‐moment analysis looking reaching behaviors as they occurred tandem speed with which prompted was processed (visual reaction time) function type haptic response: Target, Distractor, or No Touch. Visual times RT...

It is well established that vocabulary size related to efficiency in auditory processing, such children with larger vocabularies recognize words faster than smaller vocabularies. The present study evaluates whether this relation specific the language being assessed, or general cognitive processes. Speed of word processing was measured longitudinally Spanish- and English-learning monolinguals bilinguals at 16 22 months age. similar monolinguals, suggesting number languages which are exposed...

Word recognition occurs across two sensory modalities: auditory (spoken words) and visual (written words). While each faces different challenges, they are often described in similar terms as a competition process by which multiple lexical candidates activated compete for recognition. there is general consensus regarding the types of words that during spoken word recognition, less written The present study develops novel version Visual World Paradigm (VWP) to examine uses this assess nature...

The majority of research examining infants' decontextualized word knowledge comes from studies in which words and pictures are presented simultaneously. However, comprehending utterances about unseen objects is a hallmark language. Do infants demonstrate absent object early the second year life? Further, to what extent do evoke strictly prototypical representations objects? To investigate these questions we analyzed 14-month-olds' comprehension labels for entities without contextual support....

Abstract The majority of research examining early auditory‐semantic processing and organization is based on studies meaningful relations between words referents. However, a thorough investigation into the fundamental relation acoustic signals meaning requires an understanding how associated with both lexical non‐lexical sounds. Indeed, it unknown auditory information that not (e.g., environmental sounds) processed organized in young brain. To capture structure semantic for sounds, we record...

Whispered speech offers a unique set of challenges to perception and word recognition. The goals the present study were twofold: First, determine how listeners recognize whispered speech. Second, inform major theories spoken recognition by considering changes when cues phoneme identity are reduced or largely absent compared with normal voiced speech.Using eye tracking in Visual World Paradigm, we examined After hearing target (normal whispered), participants selected corresponding image from...

Although the ability to understand speech in adverse listening conditions is paramount for effective communication across life span, little understood about how this critical processing skill develops. This study asks dynamics of spoken word recognition (i.e., lexical access and competition) change during soft 8‐ 11‐year‐olds ( n = 26). Lexical competition at lower intensity levels was measured using eye‐tracking visual world paradigm. Overall results suggest that influences magnitude timing...

There is a long-standing debate about how written words are recognized. Central to this the role of phonology. The objective study contribute our collective understanding regarding phonology in word recognition.A total 30 monolingual adults were tested using novel version visual world paradigm (VWP). We compared activation phonological anadromes (words that matched for sounds but not letters, e.g., JAB-BADGE) and orthographic letters sounds, LEG-GEL) determine relative orthography familiar...

We provide a novel application of psycholinguistic theories and methods to the field auditory training preliminary data regarding which minimal pair contrasts are more difficult for listeners with typical hearing distinguish in real-time.

Language processing is incremental. As language signals-for example, words in a sentence-unfold, humans predict and activate likely upcoming input to facilitate comprehension. Prediction not only accelerates understanding but also prompts reassessment the case of prediction error, fostering learning refining comprehension skills. Therefore, it paramount understand what happens when linguistic predictions are violated-for sentence ends an unpredicted word. One theory, which we test here, that...

Previous research has shown that 14-month-olds are able to form arbitrary word-object associations. [Werker et al. 1998).] However, merely associating words and objects is insufficient for the higher level concept “stand for” objects. In order investigate at what age referential understanding emerges, we tested 14- 17-month-olds on their ability comprehend correct meaning of a word when object presented separately from one another. We used an infant-controlled version visual fixation...

There is a consensus that humans predict upcoming words during sentence processing. Prediction makes language comprehension fast and efficient if this anticipatory processing accurate. However, often times, predictions are not correct. lack of research investigating the cognitive operations at play when violated. According to several proposals, such violations lead an inhibition predicted word facilitate integration unexpected word. Across four experiments, we have tested whether indeed...

Spoken word recognition proceeds by immediately activating items in the mental lexicon which match incoming speech signal. These compete for over time. In multilinguals, array of possible lexical competitors includes across all their languages. Eye-tracking work indicates that strength early competitor activation relates to listeners’ proficiency: words from dominant language outcompete those other(s). However, neural mechanisms give rise this effect are not well known. We present a case...