Although physical activity has generally been associated with reduced risk of vascular disease, there is limited evidence about the effects frequency and duration various activities on incidence particular types disease.

Objectives. To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a sample South African children aged 6–13 years.Design. Random sampling schools within each provincial socio-economic category.Setting. Primary school from 5 provinces.Subjects. 10 195 (5 611 male 4 584 female) primary children.Outcome measure. Height weight were measured body mass index (BMI) (weight (kg)/height (m)2) was calculated for grouping (age x gender ethnic group). Cut-off points BMI defining obese age (6–13...

Objectives The objective of this study was to examine if, in the general population, physically active adults have less body fat after taking mass index (BMI) into account. Design A cross-sectional analysis participants recruited UK Biobank 2006–2010. Setting assessment centres throughout UK. Participants 119 230 men and 140 578 women aged 40–69 years, with complete physical activity information, without a self-reported long-term illness, disability or infirmity. Exposures Physical measured...

There is limited prospective evidence on possible differences in fracture risks between vegetarians, vegans, and non-vegetarians. We aimed to study this a cohort with large proportion of non-meat eaters.In EPIC-Oxford, dietary information was collected at baseline (1993-2001) follow-up (≈ 2010). Participants were categorised into four diet groups both time points (with 29,380 meat eaters, 8037 fish 15,499 1982 vegans analyses total fractures). Outcomes identified through linkage hospital...

Abstract Hip fracture risk is known to increase with physical inactivity and decrease obesity, but there little information on their combined effects. We report the separate effects of body mass index (BMI) activity hospital admissions for hip among postmenopausal women in a large prospective UK study. Baseline size, activity, other relevant factors was collected 1996–2001, participants were followed incident fractures by record linkage National Health Service (NHS) admission data. Cox...

This study evaluated the association between adherence to a traditional Mexican diet (TMexD) and obesity, diabetes CVD-related outcomes in secondary data analysis of cross-sectional National Health Nutrition Survey 2018-2019. Data from 10 180 adults were included, collected via visits randomly selected households by trained personnel. Adherence TMexD (characterised mostly plant-based foods like maize, legumes vegetables) was measured through an adapted version recently developed index, using...

While increasing age, decreasing body mass index (BMI), and physical inactivity are known to increase hip fracture risk, whether these factors have similar effects on other common fractures is not well established. We used prospectively-collected data from a large cohort examine the role of risk incident ankle, wrist in postmenopausal women. 1,155,304 participants Million Women Study with mean age 56.0 (SD 4.8) years, provided information about lifestyle, anthropometric, reproductive at...

ABSTRACT Risk factors for fracture of the neck femur are relatively well established, but those at other sites little studied. In this large population study we explore role age, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity on risk seven in postmenopausal women. As part Million Women Study, 1,154,821 UK women with a mean age 56.0 (SD 4.8) years provided health lifestyle data recruitment 1996 to 2001. All participants were linked National Health Service (NHS) hospital records day-case or...

Background Ecological studies hypothesise a ‘safety in numbers’ (SiN) effect whereby road safety for bicycles and other micromobility users improves as their numbers increase, due to behavioural changes of motorists. Causal interpretation these is difficult confounding reverse causation. The introduction electric scooter (e-scooter) rental schemes selected districts England meant an increase areas, which presented opportunity test the SiN hypothesis using natural experiment. Methods...

To examine the relationship between body weight, plasma volume, and serum sodium concentration ([Na]) during prolonged endurance exercise.Observational field study.2000 South African Ironman Triathlon.181 male triathletes competing in an triathlon.Body change from pre- to postrace.Significant weight loss occurred (-4.9 +/- 1.7%; P < 0.0001), while both volume (1.0 11.2%; = 0.4: NS) [Na] (0.6 2.4%; 0.001) increased postrace. Blood (-0.6 6.6%) red cell (-2.6 5.5%; decreased conjunction with...

Basic physical fitness was measured using 8 different measures for 10,295 South African children and youths (5,611 boys, 4,684 girls) ages 6 to 13 years. These measurements included height, weight, Body Mass Index, standing long jump, shuttle run, sit-and-reach, sit-up (EUROFIT testing battery), cricket ball throw scores. Due the effects of earlier apartheid laws on separating communities, it hypothesized that scores ethnic groups may differ. Therefore, in addition calculation basic norms...

Self-managing a chronic condition involves adapting management strategies to life's continual change. Among these changes, moments of significant life transition can render routine self-management practices obsolete without modification the new context. In this study, we examine one for young adults living with Type 1 Diabetes, move from home university, understand how near future AI-enhanced technologies might provide opportunities and challenges supporting care. From interviews 24 students...

Background Quantifying movement behaviours over 24-hours enables the combined effects of and inter-relations between sleep, sedentary time physical activity (PA) to be understood. This is first study describing 24-hour in school-aged children adolescents South-East Asia. Further aims were investigate between-participant differences by demographic characteristics timing data collection during Ramadan COVID-19 restrictions. Methods Data came from Asia Community Observatory health surveillance...

ABSTRACT Low levels of physical activity or sun exposure and limitations to functioning (or disability) have been identified as possible risk factors for hip fracture. However, these are closely related, data on their independent joint association with fracture limited. A total 158,057 individuals aged ≥45 years sampled from the general population New South Wales, Australia, prospective 45 Up Study completed a baseline postal questionnaire in 2006 2009 including (Active Australia...

ABSTRACT Height has been associated with increased risk of fracture the neck femur. However, information on association height fractures at other sites is limited and conflicting. A total 796,081 postmenopausal women, who reported health lifestyle factors including a history previous osteoporosis, were followed for 8 years incident various by record linkage to National Health Service hospital admission data. Adjusted relative risks different per 10-cm increase in estimated using Cox...

A double burden of both under- and over-nutrition exists among South African children.

Meals on Wheels (MoWs), a service offered by local authorities in England, deliver meals to older, housebound and/or vulnerable adults, who might otherwise not be able acquire and prepare their own meals. Research suggests that MoWs provide benefits beyond nutrition. Little is known about the actual interactions between providers clients, particularly during COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this small-scale, formative study was explore providers' experiences perceptions around challenges faced...