An ultra-low voltage, low power, line sensitivity MOSFET-only sub-threshold voltage reference with no amplifiers is presented. The realized by the difference between two complementary currents and second-order compensation improves temperature stability. bulk-driven technique used most of transistors work in region, which allow a remarkable reduction minimum supply power consumption. Moreover, trimming circuit adopted to compensate process-related variation while not affected. proposed has...

In this article, a multi-event time-to-digital converter (TDC) with high conversion rate using an interpolator recycling technique is proposed. The dead time greatly reduced by reusing the coarse interpolation channel (CIC) during quantization of Start and Stop signals. A resolution achieved coarse–fine calibration-free high-linearity amplifier (TA). flash sub-TDC novel fully symmetric (FSQ) scheme proposed to implement fine interpolation, which helps improve linearity. An ultra-low static...

This article introduces a pulsed laser direct time-of-flight (dTOF) flash light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor fabricated in 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> HV CMOS technology. The chip includes <inline-formula> notation="LaTeX">$32\times 32$ macro pixels 1024 time-to-digital converters (TDCs). A noise filtering circuit with different threshold (<inline-formula> notation="LaTeX">$\text{N}_{\mathrm {th}}$...

This article presents a 16-channel analog silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) with on-chip front-end for direct time-of-flight (D-ToF) LiDAR applications. The proposed receiver is mainly composed of SiPM, variable gain amplifier (VGA) and time-to-digital converter (TDC). Each SiPM channel consists 256 microcells, their outputs are connected to common output terminal in parallel. A novel active quenching circuit adopted reduce the long exponential tail conventional enable capability multi-echo...

This paper introduces a low-power noise-shaping SAR ADC which is suitable for biomedical sensor applications. In this ADC, low power consumption and area-efficient integrator proposed, comprised of several switches, replica capacitors dynamic amplifier (DA). With mode control logic circuit, the comparator in reused as an three times (three amplification phases) single conversion period to save area consumption. introduction first phase, additional capacitance can be greatly reduced without...

This letter presents a frontside-illuminated single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) with high peak photon detection probability (PDP), low dark count rate and jitter. A retrograde doped separated deep n-well (DNW) combined junction-optimized p-well within the photosensitive region achieves an STI-free structure, significantly minimizing caused by etching traps surface states. The visible spectrum's PDP is realized through wide depletion generated between carefully modulated DNW. Through...

To increase the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system spatial resolution, multiple photodetectors are typically deployed in receiver. An equivalent linear-array receiver with multiplexing operation scheme is presented for direct time of flight (dToF) LiDAR applications. In particular, analog front-end (AFE) circuit proposed mainly consists eight transimpedance preamplifiers (preTIAs), a dummy preTIA, post amplifier (PA) an 8-to-1 multiplexer, output buffer timing discriminator. The AFE...

We have systematically studied ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x\ensuremath{-}z}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{4\ensuremath{-}y}$ by ESR. For hole concentration $h=1+3z+x\ensuremath{-}2y&gt;1$, the ground state most probably contains triplet pairs. $y&gt;0$, excitations of anisotropic quantum spin fluid (AQSF) (with rather long-range dynamic order) are observed for $180&lt;T&lt;470$ K. The AQSF freezes into an glass at ${T}_{\mathrm{SG}}\ensuremath{\simeq}100$ K (where phonon...

This article presents a wide-spectral response single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) designed and fabricated in advanced 55-nm CMOS image sensor technology. SPADs with different active areas doping profiles are simulated by Sentaurus-TCAD to optimize their electrical optical performances. A global well-sharing technique is employed deliver pixel pitch of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$16.4...

This article describes a small footprint, low power gated voltage-controlled ring oscillator (VCRO)-based Time-To-Digital converter (TDC) for Flash Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) applications. A group of compact local phase interpolators (PIs) are used to improve the resolution, which is highly area-saving compatible with in-pixel TDC structure. non-reset operation mode introduced increase linearity by taking advantage dynamic element matching (DEM) property. The proposed has been...

This letter presents a low noise fractional-N phaselocked loop (PLL) with high-precision phase control. The resistors in filter and the current charge pump can be adjusted to achieve reconfigurable bandwidth. A method adjust of PLL high precision is proposed, which applied synchronization multichips. function high-accuracy control added proposed sigma-delta modulator without adjusting frequency division ratio. prototype chip was fabricated using 0.18-μm CMOS process an active area 1.8 mm...

This letter presents a 12-GHz wideband fractional-N phase-locked loop (PLL) with robust voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The proposed PLL uses class-C VCO an amplitude-adjustment circuit (AAC) to increase current during the startup process and stabilize amplitude. In order make more compact, control logic in is simplified. A prototype of implemented 65-nm CMOS, active area 1.5 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , can...

This paper presents the optimization of system design and calibration algorithm for LiDAR imager based on single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) image sensor. The supply voltage gating high-voltage driving circuit SPAD is optimized theoretical analysis experimental data to improve trigger times laser echo. real-time realized in field programmable gate array (FPGA) obtain flight time measurement reliability. A 10-bit time-efficient area-efficient shifted inter-frame multi-event histogram...

A wide dynamic range analog front-end (AFE) circuit is proposed for direct time-of-flight (dToF) LiDAR applications. The reconfigurable transimpedance amplifier (TIA) with the gain control scheme to significantly increase linear range. feedforward compensation technique improve stability of TIA and extend bandwidth. post presented active feedback further entire mitigate attenuation AFE fabricated in <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"...

This paper proposed a fully integrate single photon ranging system (ISPRS), which mainly consists of laser pulse driver circuit with adaptive power adjustment, bias voltage generation circuit, 512 independently enabled avalanche diodes (SPADs) used as Reference SPAD array and Return respectively, two multi-event time-to-digital converters (TDCs) based on multi-phase sampling, the extraction circuit. The nonlinear histogram, FIR adaptively coefficient adjustment algorithm, receiving...

SPAD-based dToF sensors employ Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) to accurately determine the ToF information. The multi-event time-to-digital converter (TDC) with low dead time is crucial mitigate pile-up distortion. Similarly, linear-mode pay more attention TDC resolution. A histogramming [1] has achieved a conversion rate of 14 GS/s, but its resolution limited by gate delay. 50 MS/s presented in [2]. linearity performance deteriorated due only one interpolator used, and...

To mitigate the total ionizing dose (TID) effects of dual-direction silicon-controlled rectifier, based on laterally diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor (LDMOS-DDSCR), a common-centroid layout arrangement with multiple octagonal units is proposed and fabricated in an 18-V Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS process. The symmetrical characteristics bidirectional electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection are verified by transmission line pulse tests. Gamma-ray irradiation experiments demonstrate that device...

The reliability issues of integrated circuits are attracting more attention, especially in extreme environments like radiation and elevated temperature conditions. impact ionizing effects on the electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection devices should not be negligible. In this paper, A low-voltage dual-direction silicon controlled rectifier (DDSCR) a high-voltage DDSCR based laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor chosen fabricated 5 V/18 V Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS process. To study combined...

This brief presents a robust continuous running voltage-controlled ring oscillator-based (VCRO-based) time to digital converter (TDC) for Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) applications. A two-counter method with hybrid structure counter is proposed avoid any sampling errors due metastability delay accumulation. To reduce the TDC dead time, two-interleaved channel adopted. Compared prior methods, free from errors. The has been fabricated in 180-nm CMOS technology. Measurement results show...

In this article, we propose an accurate procedure for predicting the photon detection probability (PDP) single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). The energy threshold needed triggering impact ionization, that is, dead space, was carefully considered and developed into a 2-D solution. input parameters are based on manufacturing process device layout. breakdown of each point profile calculated without adding fitting parameters, which can overcome inaccurate prediction caused by uneven...