Microglial activation is an invariant feature of Alzheimer9s disease (AD). It noteworthy that cannabinoids are neuroprotective by preventing β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced microglial both in vitro and vivo. On the other hand, phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) has shown anti-inflammatory properties different paradigms. In present study, we compared effects CBD with those on cell functions learning behavior cytokine expression after Aβ intraventricular administration to mice. CBD,...

Spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers a multitude of pathophysiological events that are tightly regulated by the expression levels specific genes. Recent studies suggest changes in gene following neural can result from dysregulation microRNAs, short non-coding RNA molecules repress translation target mRNA. To understand mechanisms underlying alterations SCI, we analyzed microRNA patterns at different time points rat spinal injury. The microarray data reveal induction pattern moderate contusive...

Many Ca(2+) channel proteins have been detected in mammalian sperm, but only the four CATSPER channels clearly shown to be required for male fertility. entry through principal piece-localized has implicated activation of hyperactivated motility. In present study, we show that also triggers a tail-to-head propagation mouse sperm. When activated with 8-Br-cAMP, 8-Br-cGMP, or alkaline depolarization, CATSPER-dependent increase intracellular concentration starts piece, propagates midpiece, and...

Degradation of engulfed material is primarily mediated by lysosomal enzymes that function optimally within a narrow range acidic pH values. RPE cells are responsible for daily degradation photoreceptor outer segments and thus particularly susceptible to perturbations in pH. The authors hypothesized elevated levels could slow enzyme activity encourage accumulation partially digested material. Consequently, treatment lower perturbed may enhance degradative activity.A high-throughput screening...

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) faces the photoreceptor outer segments and regulates composition of interstitial subretinal space. ATP enhances fluid movement from space across RPE. RPE cells can themselves release ATP, but mechanisms polarity this are unknown. expresses cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), CFTR is associated with in other epithelial cells. However, an increasing number reports have suggested that exocytotic pathway contributes to release. In...

Neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles, where they have been assumed to be free solution. Here we report that Torpedo only 5% of the total acetylcholine (ACh) or ATP content is free, and rest adsorbed an intravesicular proteoglycan matrix. This matrix, which controls ACh release by ion-exchange mechanism, behaves like a smart gel. That is, it releases neurotransmitter changes its volume when challenged with small ionic concentration change. Immunodetection analysis revealed...

We developed a heterologous system to study the effect of mechanical deformation on alveolar epithelial cells. First, isolated primary rat type II (ATII) cells were plated onto silastic substrata coated with fibronectin and maintained in culture under conditions where they become I-like (ATI) This was followed by second set ATII labeled nontransferable, vital fluorescent stain 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate distinguish them from ATI By morphometric analysis, equibiaxial (stretch)...

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is separated from the photoreceptor outer segments by subretinal space. While actual volume of this space minimal, communication that occurs across microenvironment important to visual process, and accumulating evidence suggests purines ATP adenosine contribute communication. P1 P2 receptors are localized membranes on both apical membrane RPE which border released into in response various triggers including glutamate chemical ischemia. This...

Stimulation of ATP or adenosine receptors causes important physiological changes in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells that may influence their relationship to the adjacent photoreceptors. While RPE have been shown release ATP, regulation extracellular levels and production dephosphorylated purines is not clear. This study examined degradation by effects diphosphate (ADP) result. was readily broken down both cultured human ARPE-19 apical membrane fresh bovine cells. The compounds...

Autophagy is an essential process of cellular waist clearance that becomes altered following spinal cord injury (SCI). Details on these changes, including timing after injury, underlying mechanisms, and affected cells, remain controversial. Here we present a characterization autophagy in the mice before contusive SCI. In undamaged cord, analysis LC3 Beclin 1 autophagic markers reveals important differences basal between neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes even within cell populations....

The photoreceptors lie between the inner retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). release of glutamate by phototoreceptors can signal changes in light levels to neurons, but role communicating with RPE is unknown. Since cells are known ATP, we asked whether could trigger ATP from this altered cell signalling. Stimulation apical face fresh bovine eyecups 100 μ m NMDA increased more than threefold, indicating that both receptors for occurred across membrane cells. bathing cultured human...

The annual regeneration cycle of deer (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) antlers represents a unique model epimorphic and rapid growth in adult mammals. Regenerating are innervated by trigeminal sensory axons growing through the velvet, modified form skin that envelopes antler, at elongation velocities reach one centimetre per day common (Cervus elaphus). Several axon promoters like NT-3, NGF or IGF-1 have been described antler. To increase knowledge on environment, we combined different...

Stimulation of receptors for either ATP or adenosine leads to physiologic changes in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells that may influence their relationship with the adjacent photoreceptors. The ectoenzyme nucleoside-triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1) catalyzes dual dephosphorylation and ADP AMP. Although NTPDase1 can consequently control balance between adenosine, it is unclear how its expression activity are regulated. Classic negative feedback theory predicts an increase...

Mechanical trauma to the spinal cord causes extensive neuronal death, contributing loss of sensory-motor and autonomic functions below injury location. Apoptosis affects neurons after (SCI) is associated with increased caspase activity. Cleavage X-linked inhibitor apoptosis protein (XIAP) SCI may contribute this rise in Accordingly, we have shown that elevation XIAP resulted survival improved functional recovery. Therefore, hypothesise overexpression can be neuroprotective In line this,...

COVID-19 pandemic is caused by betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The genome of this virus composed a single strand RNA with 5' and 3'-UTR flanking region protein-coding ORFs closely resembling cells' mRNAs. MicroRNAs are endogenous post-transcriptional regulators that target mRNA to modulate protein expression mediate cellular functions, including antiviral defense. In the present study, we carried out bioinformatics screening search for human microRNAs targeting Results from computational...

The central nervous system microRNA miR-138-5p has attracted much attention in cancer research because it inhibits pro-apoptotic genes including CASP3. We hypothesize that downregulation after SCI leads to overexpression of genes, sensitizing neural cells noxious stimuli. This study aimed identify targets among overexpressed following and confirm modulates cell death cells. Gene expression histological analyses revealed the drop is due massive loss neurons oligodendrocytes its neurons....

The purines ATP and adenosine play an important role in the communication between photoreceptors retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). While RPE is known to release into subretinal space, source of extracellular unclear. In other tissues, ecto-nucleotidases mediate consecutive dephosphorylation AMP, AMP converted by ecto-5' nucleotidase (CD73). This study identifies on cells investigates modulation enzyme activity. was most active site 5'AMP posterior rat eye. inhibitor alphabetamADP prevented...