Although the majority of severe combined immune deficiency (scid) mice lack functional lymphocytes, some (2-23%) appear to develop a limited number B and T cells between 3 9 mo old. Most these leaky scid were shown contain very few clones (less than or equal 3) Ig-producing plasmacytes. Clonal progeny distributed unevenly in lymphatic tissues appeared as discrete plasmacytic foci. In many cases, individual persisted for several months produced abnormally high concentrations Ig that included...

Suction feeding fish differ in their capacity to generate subambient pressure while feeding, and these differences appear relate morphological variation. We developed a model of force transmission the head parameterized it with measurements from individual fish. The was applied 45 individuals five species centrarchid fishes: Lepomis macrochirus, punctatus, microlophus, Micropterus salmoides Pomoxis nigromaculatus. Measurements epaxial cross-sectional area, moment arm, buccal area arm were...

SUMMARY We characterized prey-capture strategies in seven species of cichlid fishes representing diverse trophic habits and anticipated feeding abilities. The examined were Petenia splendida, Cichla ocellaris, Cichlasoma minckleyi, Astronotus ocellatus, Crenicichla geayi, Heros severus (formerly severum) Cyprichromis leptosoma. Three individuals per filmed with video at 500Hz as they captured live adult Artemia sp. Poecilia reticulata. For each sequence, we measured the contribution predator...

Despite almost 50 years of research on the functional morphology and biomechanics suction feeding, no consensus has emerged how to characterize suction-feeding performance, or its morphological basis. We argue that this lack unity in literature is due an unusually indirect complex linkage between muscle contractions power skeletal movements underlie buccal expansion, sharp drop pressure occurs during flow water enters mouth eliminate gradient, forces are ultimately exerted prey by flow. This...

Scid mice with and without detectable serum Ig (scid Ig+ scid Ig- mice, respectively) were examined for the presence of mature "leaky" lymphocytes by flow microfluorimetry use antibodies to B (IgM, B220) T (CD3, CD4, CD8) lymphocyte surface Ag. The data showed that leaky are more frequent than is evident from analysis incidence cells increases age. IgM+ B220+ not in young adult (3 mo old), but old (greater or equal 1 yr old) they routinely present peritoneal cavity though spleen. Striking...

The aim of this study was to investigate the function Hippo pathway member Yes-associated protein (Yap, gene name Yap1) in skeletal muscle fibres vivo. Specifically we bred an inducible, fibre-specific knock-in mouse model (MCK-tTA-hYAP1 S127A) test whether over expression constitutively active Yap (hYAP1 is sufficient drive hypertrophy or stimulate changes fibre type composition. Unexpectedly, after 5–7 weeks constitutive hYAP1 S127A expression, mice suddenly and rapidly lost 20–25% body...

The diversity of both the locomotor and feeding systems in fish is extensive, although little known about integrated evolution two systems. Virtually, all swim to ingest prey open their buccal cavity during capture, but relationship between these ubiquitous components strikes unknown. We predicted that there should be a positive correlation ram speed (RS) maximum gape (MG) because accuracy predatory strike goes down with an increase RS larger mouths eat larger, more evasive prey. For 18...

Scid mice lack functional lymphocytes because they carry a mutation that impairs rearrangement of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor (TCR) genes. Rearrangement TCR delta, but not gamma beta genes, was routinely observed in DNA scid thymocytes thymocyte hybridomas. delta gene rearrangements appeared to involve D 1, 2, J 1 elements only; upstream (e.g., V 1) observed, transcripts corresponding fully assembled genes (VDJ or VDDJ delta) were detected RNA from thymocytes. These findings suggest...

Abstract Acipenseriformes (sturgeon and paddlefish) are basal actinopterygians with a highly derived cranial morphology that is characterized by an anatomical independence of the jaws from neurocranium. We examined morphological kinematic basis prey capture in Acipenseriform fish Scaphirhynchus albus , pallid sturgeon. Feeding sturgeon were filmed lateral ventral views movement elements was measured video sequences. Sturgeon feed creating anterior to posterior wave expansion resulting...

Activation and strain in the sternohyoideus (SH) were measured vivo five largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. The SH is thought to actuate lower jaw depression, hyoid depression suspensorial abduction during suction feeding teleost fish. Sonomicrometry was used measure fascicle shortening kinematics, while activity by electromyography (EMG). fascicles shortened an average of 11% feeding. In three fish consistently fast but two individuals they contracted isometrically or lengthened...

The severe combined immune deficient (scid) mouse mutant is characterized by a general absence of functional B and T lymphocytes. This deficiency appears to result from defect in the variable-diversity-joining (VDJ) recombinase system, which responsible for assembly V, D, J gene segments that code immunoglobulin T-cell receptor (TCR) V regions. Most rearranged or TCR genes transformed scid lymphocytes contain abnormal J-associated deletions are nonfunctional. A few lymphocyte clones do...

SUMMARY Energetic analysis of ecologically relevant behaviors can be useful because animals are energetically limited by available muscle mass. In this study we hypothesized that two major determinants suction feeding performance, the magnitudes buccal volumetric expansion and subambient pressure,would correlated with, by, At least four individuals three centrarchid species were studied: largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) green sunfish cyanellus). Buccal...

Both baseline values and adaptive changes in mice can vary depending on the genetic background. We aimed to assess variation a battery of variables their adaptations endurance training six inbred mouse strains. Males, n = 184, from A/J , BALB/cByJ C3H/HeJ C57BL/6J DBA/2J PWD/PhJ strains were assigned control or an group (5 weeks swimming exercise). Enzyme activity, histology soleus ( SOL ) muscle, endurance, cardiac ventricular hind limb muscle weight, femur length examined. Endurance...

We have recently identified a number of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) contributing to the 2-fold muscle weight difference between LG/J and SM/J mouse strains refined their confidence intervals. To facilitate nomination candidate genes responsible for these differences we examined transcriptome tibialis anterior (TA) each strain by RNA-Seq. 13,726 were expressed in skeletal muscle. Intersection set 1061 differentially transcripts with Bayesian Network coherent that term Regulatory (LSRN). The...

ORIGINAL RESEARCH article Front. Genet., 06 January 2012Sec. Evolutionary and Population Genetics volume 2 - 2011 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2011.00099

Citrate synthase (CS) is an enzyme of the Krebs cycle that plays a key role in mitochondrial metabolism. The aim this study was to investigate mechanisms underlying low activity citrate A/J mice compared with other inbred strains mice. Enzyme activity, protein content, and mRNA levels CS were studied quadriceps muscles A/J, BALB/cByJ, C57BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, DBA/2J, PWD/PhJ Cytochrome c content also measured. results indicate have 50–65% reduction despite similar Cs lack differences cytochrome...

The standard products of V(D)J recombination are coding junctions, which encode Ag receptor polypeptides, and their commonly excised reciprocal products, signal junctions. Additional nonstandard also have been detected, mostly in artificial substrate studies. occurrence including pseudonormal, hybrid, open/shut indicates significant indeterminacy the recombinase. However, incidence for endogenous genes vivo has not specifically addressed. data presented here show that TCR-delta locus, D...

The ontogeny of suction feeding performance, as measured by peak generating capacity, was studied in the common snook, Centropomus undecimalis. Suction pressure inside buccal cavity is a function total expansive force exerted on distributed across projected area cavity. Thus, scaling exponent with fish standard length predicted to be equal sternohyoideus muscle cross-sectional area, found 1.991, minus for 2.009, −0.018. No generated 12 snook ranging from 94 314 mm SL, supporting prediction...

Berlin high (BEH) and low (BEL) strains selected for divergent growth differ threefold in body weight. We aimed at examining muscle mass, which is a major contributor to weight, by exploring morphological characteristics of the soleus (fiber number cross sectional area; CSA), analyzing transcriptome gastrocnemius initiating quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. BEH muscles were four eight times larger than those BEL. In substrain BEH+/+, mutant myostatin was replaced with wild-type allele;...

Muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) and proportion of different types are important determinants muscle function overall metabolism. Genetic variation plays a substantial role in phenotypic these traits; however, the underlying genes remain poorly understood. This study aimed to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting differences soleus traits between LG/J SM/J mouse strains. Fiber number, CSA, oxidative type I fibers were assessed 334 genotyped female male mice F 34 generation...

The physiological properties of vertebrate skeletal muscle typically show a scaling pattern slower contractile with size. In fishes, the myotomal or swimming reportedly follows this pattern, showing activation, relaxation and maximum shortening velocity ( V max ) an increase in body We asked if muscles involved suction feeding by fishes would follow same pattern. hypothesized that feed on evasive prey are under selection to maintain high power output therefore not To test this, we compared...

The roles of muscles that span a single joint (monoarticular) versus those two (biarticular) or more joints have been suggested to differ. Monoarticular are argued perform work at joint, whereas biarticular transfer energy while resisting moments across adjacent joints. To test these predictions, in vivo patterns muscle activation, strain, and strain rate were compared using electromyography sonomicrometry major elbow extensors, the long lateral heads triceps brachii goats (Capra hircus),...