We have evaluated the possibility that action of voluntary exercise on regulation brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a molecule important for rat hippocampal learning, could involve mechanisms epigenetic regulation. focused studies Bdnf promoter IV, as this region is highly responsive to neuronal activity. found stimulates DNA demethylation in and elevates levels activated methyl-CpG-binding protein 2, well BDNF mRNA hippocampus. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed increases...

Previous studies have identified a recent increase in wildfire activity the western United States (WUS). However, extent to which this trend is due weather pattern changes dominated by natural variability versus anthropogenic warming has been unclear. Using an ensemble constructed flow analogue approach, we employed observations estimate vapor pressure deficit (VPD), leading meteorological variable that controls wildfires, associated with different atmospheric circulation patterns. Our...

Record-breaking summer forest fires have become a regular occurrence in California. Observations indicate fivefold increase burned area (BA) forests northern and central California during 1996 to 2021 relative 1971 1995. While the higher temperature increased dryness been suggested be leading causes of BA, extent which BA changes are due natural variability or anthropogenic climate change remains unresolved. Here, we develop climate-driven model evolution combine it with natural-only...

Abstract This study aims to characterize the seasonal variation of shallow‐to‐deep convection transition and understand how environmental conditions impact behavior this using data collected from Observations Modeling Green Ocean Amazon (GOAmazon) field campaign in Central (Manaus). The diurnal cycle rain/cloud fraction shows that wet season has more extensive shallow before deep with larger fractional coverage rainfall; is intense higher vertical extension a stronger updraft. Surface...

While precipitation deficits have long been the primary driver of drought, our observational analysis shows that since year 2000, rising surface temperature and resulting high evaporative demand contributed more to drought severity (62%) coverage (66%) across western US (WUS). This increase in demand, largely driven by human-caused climate change, is main cause observed coverage. The unprecedented 2020–2022 WUS which led widespread water shortages wildfires, exemplifies this shift...

Abstract. The onset and demise of the rainy season in Amazonia are assessed this study using meteorological data from GoAmazon experiment, with a focus on 2014–2015 season. In addition, global reanalyses also used to identify changes circulation leading establishment region. Our results show that occurred January 2015, 2–3 pentads later than normal, during austral summer 2015 contained several periods consecutive dry days both Manacapuru Manaus, which not common for wet season, resulted...

Abstract. ​​​​​​​Land–atmosphere coupling (LAC) has long been studied, focusing on land surface and atmospheric boundary layer processes. However, the influence of humidity in lower troposphere (LT), especially that above planetary (PBL), LAC remains largely unexplored. In this study, we use radiosonde observations from US Southern Great Plains (SGP) site an entrained parcel buoyancy model to investigate impact LT there during warm season (May–September). We quantify effect convective by...

Historically, meteorological drought in the western United States (WUS) has been driven primarily by precipitation deficits. However, our observational analysis shows that, since around 2000, rising surface temperature and resulting high evaporative demand have contributed more to severity (62%) coverage (66%) over WUS than deficit. This increase during droughts, mostly attributable anthropogenic warming according analyses of both observations climate model simulations, is main cause...

Abstract An optical flow algorithm based on polynomial expansion (OFAPE) was used to derive atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) from geostationary satellite images. In OFAPE, there are two parameters that can affect the AMV results: sizes of window and optimization window. They should be determined according temporal interval spatial resolution A helpful experiment conducted for selecting those sizes. The limitations cause loss strong wind speed, an image-pyramid scheme overcome this problem....

Abstract We developed an entraining parcel approach that partitions buoyancy into contributions from different processes (e.g., adiabatic cooling, condensation, freezing, and entrainment). Applying this method to research-quality radiosonde profiles provided by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program at six sites, we evaluated how atmospheric thermodynamic conditions entrainment influence various physical determine vertical structure across climate regimes as represented these...

Abstract This study uses a multivariate self‐organizing map approach to diagnose precipitation anomalies over the United States' Great Plains during warm season (April–August) and associated anomalous large‐scale atmospheric patterns, as represented by standardized of 500 hPa geopotential (Z500′), integrated vapor transport (IVT′), convective inhibition index (CINi′). Circulation patterns favoring dryness identified method are generally consistent with those shown in previous studies, but...

Abstract Seasonal climate forecasts have socioeconomic value, and the quality of is important to various societal applications. Here we evaluate seasonal three variables, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), temperature, precipitation, from operational dynamical models over major cropland areas South America; analyze their predictability global local circulation patterns, such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO); attribute source prediction errors. We show that European Centre for Medium-Range...

Tropical overshooting convection has a strong impact on both heat budget and moisture distribution in the upper troposphere lower stratosphere, it can pose great risk to aviation safety. Cloud-top height is one of essential concerns for climate system weather forecast. The main purpose our work verify application machine learning method, taking random forest (RF) model as an instance, cloud-top retrieval from Himawari-8 data. By using collocated CloudSat observations reference, we utilize...

Abstract. The Great Plains and southwest regions of the US are highly vulnerable to precipitation-related climate disasters such as droughts floods. In this study, we propose a self-organizing map–analogue (SOMA) approach empirically quantify contribution atmospheric moist circulation (mid-tropospheric geopotential column moisture transport) regional precipitation anomalies, variability, multi-decadal changes. Our results indicate that contributes significantly short-term accounting for 54...

Abstract We have developed two statistical models for extended seasonal predictions of the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) natural streamflow during April–July: a stepwise linear regression (reduced to simple with one predictor) and neural network model. Monthly, basin-averaged soil moisture, snow water equivalent (SWE), precipitation, Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) are selected as potential predictors. SST Predictors (PSPs) derived from dipole pattern over (30°S–65°N) that is...

Abstract CD40 ligand, a 33‐kDa cell membrane molecule, member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, is an important costimulatory molecule during immune response. Here, we report on two functional mouse anti‐human CD40L monoclonal antibodies 1B1 and 4F1 characterized by flow cytometry, Western blotting, competition assay. The bound to distinct epitopes therefore resulted in different bioactivity. Both could induce CD4 + T‐cell alloantigenic hyporesponsiveness ex vivo . were matched...

Abstract We have developed a canonical correlation analysis (CCA) model for improving seasonal winter rainfall prediction. It uses the anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST), vertically integrated vapor transport (IVT), and geopotential height at 250 hPa (Z250) in October November, respectively, as predictors These represent processes that influence over California documented literature, but their potential predictability was previously unclear. This statistical shows prediction skills...

Abstract. The onset and demise of the rainy season in Amazonia are assessed this study using meteorological data from Go Amazon experiment, with focus is on 2014–15 season. In addition, global reanalyses also used to identify changes circulation leading establishment region. Our results show that occurred January 2015, 2–3 pentads later than normal, during austral summer 2015 exhibited several periods consecutive dry days both Manacapuru Manaus, which not common for wet season, thus...

This study delves into the increasing extension of summer forest fires in California, primarily driven by anthropogenic climate change (Turco et al. 2023). Historical data indicate a fivefold increase burned area (BA) forests northern and central California from 1996 to 2021 relative 1971 1995. Using latest simulations developed for attribution detection studies accounting uncertainties arising data-driven climate-fire model, models, internal variability, we have investigated impact on...

We investigate stochastic utility maximization games under relative performance concerns in both finite-agent and infinite-agent (graphon) settings. An incomplete market model is considered where agents with power (CRRA) functions trade a common risk-free bond individual stocks driven by idiosyncratic noise. The Nash equilibrium for settings characterized forward-backward differential equations (FBSDEs) quadratic growth generator, the solution of graphon game leads to novel form...

Abstract: CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is an important costimulatory molecule during immune response. Here, we report blocking mouse antihuman CD40 monoclonal antibody, mAb 3G3, which specificity was verified by flow cytometry and Western blot. It shown competition test that 3G3 bound to different site (epitope) from reported mAbs, including clone mAb89, 3B2, 5C11. also found could inhibit homotypic aggregation Daudi cells induced agonistic anti‐CD40...

Abstract Three infrared (IR) indicators were included in this study: the 10.8- μ m brightness temperature (BT 10.8 ), BT difference between 12.0 and (BTD 12.0–10.8 6.7 6.7–10.8 ). Correlations among these IR investigated using MTSAT-1R images for summer 2007 over East Asia. Temporal, spatial, numerical frequency distributions used to represent correlations. The results showed that large BTD values can be observed growth of cumulus congestus associated with boundary different terrain where...

Abstract Although the influence of sea surface temperature (SST) forcing and large-scale teleconnection on summer droughts over U.S. Great Plains has been suggested for decades, underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Here we show a significant correlation between low-level moisture condition Southwest in spring rainfall variability summer. Such connection is due to strong dryness zonal advection from This an important contributor deficit during early summer, so can initiate...