Uterine diseases stand as the primary cause of infertility in mares; however, diagnostic process often relies on obtaining endometrial biopsies and their hematoxylin–eosin staining. This review seeks to present variability uterine changes impact fertility underscore utility special stains, such Masson trichrome, picrosirius red, elastica van Gieson, or periodic acid–Schiff, enhancing breadth. Connective tissue evaluation cervix is discussed, it subjected cyclic overall fertility. Vascular...

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the tarsal joint, also known as bone spavin, is a progressive joint disease that increases in severity with age. It significant cause hind limb lameness, leading to deterioration quality life horses, particularly old In this study, joints 20 older horses aged 15 35 years were radiographically imaged and processed using computed digital absorptiometry (CDA) method for mineral density (BMD) assessment. The radiological signs spavin scored on scale ranging from normal (0)...

Complete fractures of the third metacarpal bone (MC III) diaphysis pose a significant clinical challenge, prompting advanced veterinary medicine to utilize constitutive and biomechanical modeling better understand behavior. This study aims compare elastic modulus MC III cortical bone, supported by measurements thickness relative density, across dorsal, lateral, medial, palmar aspects III, as well evaluate bone’s response compressive forces applied in different directions. Given structure can...

Water treadmill (WT) exercise is gaining popularity among equine athletes as it allows for increased workload through the resistance posed by water. However, effect of an artificial river (AR), which further increases this resistance, on fitness indicators has not yet been investigated. This study aimed to determine whether WT with varying water depths and presence AR influences physiological response indicators. Fifteen school horses (n = 15) underwent five sessions: a dry (DT), in...

Abstract Background In veterinary medicine, conventional radiography is the first–choice method for most diagnostic imaging applications in both small animal and equine practice. One direction its development integration of bone density evaluation artificial intelligence–assisted clinical decision–making, which expected to enhance streamline veterinarians’ daily practices. such decision–support k–means clustering, a machine learning data mining technique that can be used clinically classify...

In horse racing the most acceptable way to objectively evaluate adaptation increased exertion is measure lactate blood concentration. However, this may be stressful for horse, therefore, a simple, noninvasive procedure monitor race progress desirable. Forty Thoroughbreds attended training, with samples collected at rest, immediately after, and 30 min after exercise. The concentration was determined 60 s collection using an Accusport®. Thermal imaging of neck trunk areas performed following...

This review describes the physiological role of cortisol in horses’ body and usefulness concentration measurements assessing welfare diagnosing diseases. Cortisol is examined terms its production functions, along with concept circadian rhythms potential disruptions these patterns. The significance emphasized, as it provides insights into stress levels, connection between stereotypical horse behaviors, raising question whether behaviors signify or serve coping mechanisms. Moreover, helps...

Blood testing is one of the most important ways to improve performance, facilitate recovery and monitor training endurance race horses. However, little known about physical activity-dependent changes blood parameters in horses used for pleasure riding schools. This study aimed perform routine tests monitoring sport three different horse types use. Then values indicators were compared between school, find similarities profile. The was carried out on 15 endurance, school healthy who underwent...

Despite a high prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) reported in the domesticated cat population, studies on feline knee joint OA are scarcer. Knee is painful, age-related, chronic degenerative disease that significantly affects cats' activity and quality life. In dogs humans, one may consider overweight as risk factor for development progression OA; therefore, this study aims to assess severity body-weight-related groups cats concerning clinical symptoms radiographic signs. The was conducted...

The paranasal sinuses, a bilaterally symmetrical system of eight air-filled cavities, represent one the most complex parts equine body. This study aimed to extract morphometric measures from computed tomography (CT) images head and implement clustering analysis for computer-aided identification age-related variations. Heads 18 cadaver horses, aged 2-25 years, were CT-imaged segmented their volume, surface area, relative density frontal sinus (FS), dorsal conchal (DCS), ventral (VCS), rostral...

Abstract Background: As high-performance human and equine athletes train compete at the highest level of effort, prevention high-performance-cased diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA), requires knowledge anatomy physiology subjected bones. Objective: Implementation scaled–pixel–counting protocol to quantify radiological features anatomical structures normal tarsal joint first step in joints OA sport horses. Methods: A radiographic examination was performed six cadaverous pelvic limbs. The...

Infrared thermography (IRT) was applied as a potentially useful tool in the detection of pregnancy equids, especially native or wildlife. IRT measures heat emission from body surface, which increases with progression blood flow and metabolic activity uterine fetal tissues increase. Conventional imaging is promising; however, specific limitations considered, this study aimed to develop novel digital processing methods for thermal images pregnant mares detect earlier higher accuracy. In...

As the detection of horse state after exercise is constantly developing, a link between blood biomarkers and infrared thermography (IRT) was investigated using advanced image texture analysis. The aim study to determine which combinations RGB (red-green-blue), YUI (brightness-UV-components), YIQ (brightness-IQ-components), HSB (hue-saturation-brightness) color models, components, features are related effect. Twelve Polish warmblood horses underwent standardized tests for six consecutive...

Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis (EOTRH) syndrome is a dental disease where the radiographic signs may be quantified using texture features. This study aimed to implement scaled-pixel-counting protocol quantify compare image structure of teeth density standard in order improve identification tooth resorption hypercementosis EOTRH model.A detailed examination oral cavity was performed 80 horses maxillary incisor were evaluated radiographically, including an assessment...

Since donkey breeding has increased due to their variety of uses, welfare evaluation become more important. This study aimed compare donkey, pony, and horse dorsal profiles head shapes using geometric morphometrics (GM). Photographs 14 donkeys, ponies, horses were analyzed GM, including the sliding semilandmarks method. The variations in first three principal components (PCs) PC1: 57.16%, PC2: 16.05%, PC3: 8.31% for 44.77%, 13.46%, 7.66% shapes. Both differed between donkeys (p < 0.0001) but...

Infrared thermography is a valuable tool adapted for veterinary diagnostics with an increasing number of uses. However, proper image acquisition hard, not only due to various factors affecting the but also because informative processing struggle. Thus, this study aims quantify area maximum temperature (Area Tmax) on lateral surface horses and foals compare Areas Tmax between two new approaches Area quantification in horses. images were acquired thermographic camera from 12 same ambient...

Uterine contractions are generated by myometrial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) that comprise most of the layer uterine wall. Aberrant motility (i.e., hypo- or hyper-contractility asynchronous contractions) has been implicated in pathogenesis infertility due to failure implantation, endometriosis and abnormal estrous cycles. The mechanism whereby non-pregnant uterus initiates spontaneous remains poorly understood. aim present study was employ linear synchronization measures for analyzing pattern...

A treadmill is an important tool in the equine analysis of gait, lameness, and hoof balance, as well for evaluation horse rehabilitation or poor performance including dynamic endoscopy. Before all these uses, horses have to be habituated a locomotion. We used principal component evaluate relationship between aspects horse's temperament emotional response, progress behavioral habituation treadmill. Fourteen were tested, by same familiar handler, using novel object test, handling both positive...