This paper presents a microgrid planning model for determining the optimal size and generation mix of distributed energy resources (DERs), as well type, i.e., ac or dc. Considering growing ratio dc loads DERs, microgrids could be potentially more beneficial than by avoiding need to synchronize generators, reducing use converters, facilitating connection various types DERs common bus with simplified interfaces, losses associated ac-dc conversion. The type is selected based on economic...

The penetration of renewable energy sources and storage (ES) units into the distribution system has increased, it is important to examine their effect on systems' operation scheme security. Voltage stability index defined as a security objective function, its improvement by management in network major challenge this study. dynamic feeder reconfiguration (DDFR) introduced an efficient approach for network, considering loss, voltage index, operational cost functions presence distributed...

Changes in spatial and temporal variability yield estimation are detectable through plant biophysical characteristics observed at different phenological development stages of corn. A multispectral red-edge sensor mounted on an Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) can provide information with high resolution. Spectral analysis UAS acquired spatiotemporal images be used to develop a statistical model predict based stages. Identifying critical vegetation indices (VIs) significant spectral could lead...

This research addresses the challenge of load management in electricity distribution networks, focusing on optimal placement telecommunication breaker switches presence distributed generation units. By integrating two key objectives—preserving critical loads and minimizing energy not supplied—a strategy is proposed to enhance performance power grid during peak conditions. The study utilizes a search algorithm designed around dual-objective function simultaneously prioritize high-importance...

The high-frequency operation of a mid-infrared interband cascade system that consists type-I laser and an uncooled infrared photodetector (ICIP) is demonstrated at room temperature. 3-dB bandwidth this under direct frequency modulation was ∼850 MHz. A circuit model developed to analyze the characteristics. extracted for ICIP ∼1.3 GHz, signifying great potential structures high-speed applications. normalized Johnson-noise-limited detectivity these ICIPs exceeded 109 cm Hz1/2/W 300 K. These...

High temperature operation (250–340 K) of short-wavelength interband cascade infrared photodetectors (ICIPs) with InAs/GaSb/Al0.2In0.8Sb/GaSb superlattice absorbers has been demonstrated a 50% cutoff wavelength 2.9 μm at 300 K. Two ICIP structures, one two and the other three stages, were designed grown to explore this multiple-stage architecture. At λ = 2.1 μm, two- three-stage ICIPs had Johnson-noise-limited detectivities 5.1 × 109 5.8 cm Hz1/2/W, respectively, The better device...

The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) provides an effective tool to compare different resource technologies with lifetimes, structures, and capacity factors from economical perspective. This paper follows simple limited discussions in LCOE calculations individual generation units extends it a sophisticated model determine integrated units. proposed is further tailored the microgrids which comprise various distributed (DER) technologies, such as dispatchable thermal generation, renewable wind...

We report on a comparison study of long wavelength infrared interband cascade photodetectors (ICIPs) with the goal an improved understanding that will lead to further increases in operation temperature. studied four sets detectors including single absorber barrier and multi-stage ICIPs four, six, eight discrete absorbers. The 90% cutoff these was between 7.5 11.5 μm from 78 340 K. Multiple stage were able operate monotonically increasing bias-independent responsivity up 280 K, while...

We report on the demonstration of a monolithically integrated mid-IR interband cascade (IC) laser and photodetector operating at room temperature. The base structure for detector is six-stage type-I IC with GaInAsSb quantum well active regions. laser/detector pair was defined using focused ion beam milling. section lased in cw mode an emission wavelength ∼3.1 μm 20 °C top-illuminated photodetectors fabricated from same wafer had Johnson-noise-limited detectivity 1.05 × 109 cm Hz1/2/W this...

Applying the optimum rate of fertilizer nitrogen (N) is a critical factor for field management. Multispectral information collected by active canopy sensors can potentially indicate leaf N status and aid in predicting grain yield. Crop Circle multispectral data were acquired with purpose measuring reflectance to calculate vegetation indices (VIs) at different growth stages. have considerable impact on yield profitability. The objectives this study evaluate reliability handheld ACS-430,...

Extreme weather events can potentially cause multiple component outages in power systems and result electricity supply interruptions. The installation of microgrids proper places be considered as a viable solution to this problem which is under investigation by many electric utilities the Unites States. Considering issue growing number intensity extreme events, paper develops microgrid optimal placement model that determines size location maximize system resilience. developed considering...

Distribution network reconfiguration (DNR) can be defined as an optimization problem in the power system that is done through changing switching status to reduce loss and operating cost. Moreover, optimal capacitor allocation distribution provides benefits such reduction improved voltage profile by reactive compensation. Thus, this study a multi-objective framework for DNR presence of distributed generation (DG) sources. In common studies, requirement reliability not usually fulfilled,...

The acceptance of renewable energy sources and electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) around the world is growing, which changes network’s congestion. From operator’s perspective, congestion management essential for network reliability despite increased demand. Additionally, it among most crucial elements in preventing market power. Therefore, items affecting lines, particular, congested are important operator. In this paper, using an analytical method structural decomposition, impact...

We report on the characterization of narrow-bandgap (E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> ≈ 0.4 eV, at 300 K) interband cascade thermophotovoltaic (TPV) devices with InAs/GaSb/AlSb type-II superlattice absorbers. Two device structures different numbers stages (two and three) were designed grown to study influence number absorber thicknesses performance high temperatures (300-340 K). Maximum power efficiencies 9.6% 6.5%...